FAMILY PIPRIDAE 3I9 



then, bending forward, swung back and forth with the head glowing 

 in the reflected light. 



The nominate race. Pipra mentalis mentalis, in which the male 

 has the head paler, more orange-red, the yellowish chin spot larger, 

 and the body duller black, and the female is duller, darker olive-green 

 with foreneck and abdomen less yellow, is found from southern 

 Veracruz, Mexico, south in Central America (except El Salvador) 

 to Nicaragua. The race ignifera, averaging slightly smaller, has the 

 tail shorter, the head in the adult male dark red ; tibia slightly darker 

 yellow, often tinged with orange to orange-red, chin marking usually 

 less in extent, and the body deeper black. Females are somewhat 

 brighter green and more yellow on the lower breast and abdomen. 

 The range covers Costa Rica and western and central Panama. Speci- 

 mens from northwestern Costa Rica (e.g., a male in the American 

 Museum of Natural History from Guacimo) may have the head 

 slightly orange, thus showing an approach to typical mentalis, but 

 the majority seen, including both Pacific and Caribbean slopes, are 

 to be placed with mentalis. 



PIPRA ERYTHROCEPHALA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Linnaeus): 

 Golden-headed Manakin, Saltarin Cabecidorado 



Partis crythroccphalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 191. {America 



australi = Surinam.) 

 Pipra erythrocephala actinosa Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 



vol. 65, September 1922, p. 214. (Cerro Sapo, Darien, Panama.) 



Small ; adult male black, with head orange ; female, similar to that 

 of the Red-headed Manakin, but slightly lighter colored and tail 

 shorter. 



Description. — Length, 75-85 mm. Adult male, crown, hindneck, 

 and side of head bright orange-yellow, darkest on side of head and 

 across hindneck, the latter in some with a narrow line of orange-red ; 

 tibia white, with the lower area of the outer side scarlet; axillars 

 and under wing coverts grayish black ; under surface of wing feathers 

 dusky ; rest of plumage glossy black. 



Adult female, upper surface dull olive-green ; wings and tail dusky- 

 gray, edged narrowly with olive-green ; foreneck, and lower breast 

 pale olive, shading to yellowish olive on abdomen and under tail 

 coverts ; axillars, under wing coverts and inner webs of primaries 

 and secondaries yellowish white. (Adult females rarely may have a 

 few bright yellow feathers on the back of the head.) 



Immature male, in general like female, but often duller colored ; 



