322 BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 3 



across the base of the neck, appears distinct with a range from the 

 eastern slope of the Andes in Colombia through eastern Ecuador, 

 northern Peru, and western Brazil. The form ruhrocapilla Temminck 

 found from northern Bolivia across Brazil south of the Amazon is 

 specifically distinct because of its longer, less stiffened tail, red head 

 color, and differences in display, as described by Helmut Sick (Journ. 

 f. Orn., 1959, pp. 275-277). A supposed race flammiceps requires 

 further study since apparently it is known from Colombia only from 

 two rather highly colored specimens collected in the valley of the 

 Rio Lebrija, a small tributary of the Rio Magdalena in northwestern 

 Department of Santander. From examination of a long series I see 

 nothing to justify the race actinosa described from eastern Panama. 

 The race flavissima named by Junge and Mees (Zool. Verb. Rijksm. 

 Leiden, no. Z7 , 1958, p. 93) from Trinidad also appears doubtful. 

 Under present information the Panamanian population is assigned to 

 typical erythrocephala, which therefore is given a range across 

 northern South America through Colombia and Venezuela to Surinam. 



PIPRA PIPRA ANTHRACINA Ridgway: White-crowned Manakin, 

 Saltarin Cabeciblanco 



Fipra pipra anthracina Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, Sep- 

 tember 6, 1906, p. 117. (Moravia, Limon, Costa Rica.) 



Small, with short tail ; male black, except for long white crest ; 

 female dull grayish green, with yellowish breast and abdomen. 



Description. — Length 85-95 mm. Adult male, with a prominent 

 crest. Crown, hindneck, and the pointed crest white ; remaining body 

 plumage, including the lores, bristles over the nostril, side of the 

 head, and innermost axillars black ; outer axillars, under wing coverts 

 and tibia dark gray ; under tail coverts tipped narrowly with dark 

 gray ; wings and tail brownish black. 



Adult female and immature male, crown, hindneck, and sides of 

 head and neck slate color ; back, scapulars, and outer webs of 

 secondaries and inner primaries olive-green ; wing coverts, upper 

 tail coverts and central tail feathers grayish olive-green ; inner webs of 

 wing feathers and of tail dull brownish black; chin and upper fore- 

 neck grayish olive-green ; lower f oreneck and upper breast dull olive- 

 green ; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts dull yellowish 

 white ; axillars and under wing coverts pale grayish white ; tibia dull, 

 dark brownish gray. 



A male in immature dress (with a few white feathers appearing 

 adjacent to the left nostril) taken February 27, 1962, at the head of 



