FAMILY PIPRIDAE 323 



the Rio Guabal, Code, had the iris bright reddish brown ; maxilla 

 fuscous-black, mandible neutral gray, paler on the cutting edge and 

 gonys ; tarsus, toes, and claws dusky neutral gray. 



Measurements. — Males (10 from Chiriqui, Veraguas, Code, and 

 Costa Rica), wing 59.0-62.5 (60.9), tail 23.9-26.6 (25.4), culmen 

 from base 9.0-11.8 (10.9), tarsus 14.0-15.4 (14.6) mm. 



Females (5 from Veraguas and Costa Rica), wing 57.9-61.1 

 (59.3), tail 25.4-28.5 (27.1), culmen from base 9.3-11.9 (11.2), 

 tarsus 14.9-16.3 (15.3) mm. 



Resident. Rare and little known in Tropical and lower Upper 

 Tropical Zone forests on the Pacific slope of eastern Chiriqui and 

 Veraguas ; recorded on the Caribbean slope in northern Veraguas 

 and Code. 



To date this species has been known in Panama from early records 

 of specimens collected by Enrique Arce on the Cordillera de Tole in 

 eastern Chiriqui, and at Santa Fe and Chitra on the Pacific slope of 

 \^eraguas. Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 200) reports 

 it also from Calovevora on the Caribbean slope of Veraguas. On 

 February 27, 1962. I caught one in a mist net set in a locality known 

 as Tigre at 475 meters elevation on the head of the Rio Guabal, a 

 tributary of the Rio San Juan, which joins the western side of the Rio 

 Code del Norte, on the Caribbean slope of western Code. This was 

 the only one seen during a week's collecting at this locality. 



The race anthracina ranges north beyond Panama on the Caribbean 

 slope to central Costa Rica, but is reported there only from a few 

 localities. The species as a whole has a wide distribution in South 

 America from Colombia and Venezuela south to Peru and Brazil. 

 Throughout this extensive range minor differences have suggested 

 recognition of a dozen geographic races. 



The life history of the species as a whole is little known. Snow 

 (Ibis, 1961, pp. 110-111 ) in Guyana, found males of the typical race 

 Pipra pipra pipra "distributed thinly through the forest, each bird 

 apparently keeping to a limited area. The advertising call, a thin, 

 insectlike chrrrrr lasting about 1^ seconds, is uttered rather regu- 

 larly at intervals of about half a minute. ... A single male . . . 

 was present within a limited area . . . which included a small clear- 

 ing where a tree had fallen. Here, round the edges of the clearing, 

 it had four or five main calling perches . . . but it also called else- 

 where. . . . The male fed intermittently in its territory, picking in- 

 sects from the leaves in flight. Occasionally he performed more or 

 less stereotyped actions ... of three sorts: (1) to-and-fro flights 



