332 BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 3 



in some to dull black on undersurface of body ; rump and upper tail 

 coverts slate, with a slight olive cast ; back feathers (which are some- 

 what elongated) and scapulars grayish blue. 



Adult female, feathers of forehead shorter, the anterior ones only 

 slightly erect; central rectrices elongated, but usually somewhat 

 less so than in males, with tips less narrowly pointed ; head normally 

 not crested, but occasional individuals with a flattened red crest, 

 narrower than that of the male ; above plain olive-green ; under sur- 

 face paler and grayer, with the breast and foreneck somewhat darker 

 than the sides and rest of the lower surface ; abdomen centrally faintly 

 olive-yellow to grayish white ; axillars and inner under wing coverts 

 grayish white ; outer under wing coverts grayish olive-green. 



Immature male in color like female, but with stiffened, erect 

 feathers on the forehead, and a flattened red crest as in the adult. 



Notes from a series of males record the iris as varying from dark 

 brown to reddish brown and dark reddish brown ; bill fuscous-black 

 to black; tarsus and toes light to rather dull orange; claws mouse 

 brown, fuscous or black. Females, iris reddish brown ; maxilla dull 

 black; mandible fuscous, occasionally dull brown at the base; tarsus 

 and toes light to dull orange ; claws mouse brown to fuscous-brown. 



Measurements. — Males (10 from Panama), wing 70.4-73.5 (71.7), 

 tail 47.0-52.7 (49.0), culmen from base 11.3-12.5 (11.8), tarsus 

 18.2-19.7(19.1) mm. 



Females (10 from Panama), wing 67.9-73.7 (70.3), tail 42.0- 

 45.7 (44.5), culmen from base 11.5-12.9 (12.2), tarsus 17.9-18.9 

 (18.2) mm. 



Resident. Locally common in Tropical Zone thickets and low open 

 forest on the Pacific slope of western and central Panama, from San 

 Felix and Las Lajas in the lowlands of east central Chiriqui, to 

 Boquete and El Volcan in the highlands, east through Veraguas, both 

 sides of the Azuero Peninsula, Code, western Province of Panama, 

 the southern Canal Zone, and eastern Province of Panama to the 

 lower Rio Bayano at Chepo ; a colony recorded at Garachine, Darien ; 

 casual on the Caribbean slope in the lower Chagres Valley, on Barro 

 Colorado Island, and near Gamboa ; to 1640 meters on the mountain 

 slopes above Boquete ; recorded off the Pacific coast on islas Parida, 

 Coiba, Canal de Afuera, Afuerita, Gobernadora, and Cebaco. Be- 

 yond Chiriqui the species ranges for a short distance into south- 

 western Costa Rica from the Golfito area in the lowlands and Caiias 

 Gordas at a higher elevation in the interior. 



The birds are found usually in small groups in undergrowth in 



