FAMILY PIPRIDAE 343 



able that the ancestral stock populated what is now Isla Escudo de 

 Veraguas when it was part of the mainland during a low sea level 

 period in the Pleistocene. 



MANACUS AURANTIACUS (Salvin) : Orange-collared Manakin, 



Candelero 



Chiromachaeris mirantiaca Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, November 1870, 



p. 200. (Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.) 

 Manacus mirantiacus flaviventris Aldrich, Scient. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. 



Hist., vol. 7, August 11, 1937, p. 95. (Rio Mariato, 10 miles east of Bahia 



Monti jo, Veraguas, Panama.) 



Like the Golden-collared Manakin, but smaller ; male with upper 

 back, foreneck, and upper breast bright orange ; lower breast and 

 abdomen yellow. 



Female with under surface washed with orange. 



Description. — Length 93-98 mm. Adult male, wing structure and 

 elongated throat feathers as in Manacus vitcllinus. Crown, includ- 

 ing lores and lower back, black ; rump olive-green ; upper tail coverts 

 slightly yellowish olive-green ; inner lesser and middle wing coverts 

 black basally. tipped with pale yellow and orange ; outer lesser coverts, 

 alula, greater coverts, primaries, and secondaries black, the greater 

 coverts tipped and the central area of the flight feathers edged lightly 

 with olive-green ; sides of head, hindneck, foreneck, and upper breast 

 bright orange, the feathers white basally ; rest of lower surface 

 yellow, with sides and flanks washed with olive ; outermost under 

 wing coverts dusky, tipped lightly with olive-yellow ; axillars and 

 inner under wing coverts pale yellow ; inner webs of wing feathers 

 grayish brown. 



Female, above, including side of head, olive-green, faintly darker 

 on crown, changing to yellowish olive-green on lower rump and upper 

 tail coverts ; wings and tail dusky edged with olive-green ; chin and 

 throat yellowish olive-green, chest somewhat darker; lower breast, 

 abdomen, and under tail coverts wax yellow, changing to yellowish 

 olive-green on flanks ; under wing coverts and axillars as in male, but 

 duller colored. 



Lnmature male, like female. 



Juvenile, duller, more grayish green underneath. 



An adult male, taken near Sona, Veraguas, May 21, 1953, had 

 the iris dull reddish brown ; maxilla black ; mandible slaty-black ; 

 tarsus and toes orange, claws light brown. Another male, at Agua- 

 caton, Puerto Armuelles, Chiriqui, February 7, 1966, had the iris 



