380 BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 3 



daries edged narrowly with white or pale gray ; lower f oreneck and 

 upper breast pale gray ; rest of under surface, including the malar 

 region, white ; axillars and anterior under wing coverts plain gray ; 

 edge of wing and posterior under coverts white. 



Female, similar, but with tips of ninth and tenth primaries only 

 slightly narrowed, and orange-red crown patch smaller. 



Immature, outer primaries not narrowed at tip ; slightly brownish 

 above, with white edgings on wings and upper tail coverts reduced 

 or absent ; gray of breast duller. 



Measurements. — Males (10, May, June, eastern United States, 

 South Carolina to New York), wing 115.1-122.5 (117.9), tail 75.3- 

 89.7 (81.3), culmen from base 19.0-21.5 (20.5), tarsus 18.0-20.0 

 (18.7) mm. 



Females (10. May, June, eastern South Carolina to Nova Scotia), 

 wing 111.0-116.5 (113.4). tail 76.0-84.6 (80.0), culmen from base 

 18.0-21.5 (19.8), tarsus 17.9-19.1 (18.5) mm. 



Abundant in migration. Present during the northern seasons of 

 fall and spring, mainly in the lowlands on both Pacific and Caribbean 

 slopes. It is believed that a few remain through the winter months. 

 The earliest record in the southward flight in fall is that of Arbib 

 and Loetscher (Auk, 1935, p. 326) of the two seen at the Rio Tapia, 

 east of Panama City, on August 29, 1934. A week later, in early 

 September they become common, and continue in abundance through 

 October into November. The main flight ends in early November, 

 though some may be found later. Eisenmann, who furnished much 

 of the fall data on this species recorded six or eight on November 26, 

 1962, at Santo Tomas Hospital, in Panama City, where they were 

 feeding on the fruit of palms. Loftin that same season saw a few near 

 Curundu, Canal Zone, in late November, and one at France Field, 

 Canal Zone, the following year on November 30. T. Imhof recorded 

 a few between Pacora and Chepo from December 3 to 8, 1942. It 

 is possible that these later records were of wintering individuals, 

 though there have been no reports in January or February. 



The flight northward in spring begins in early March and continues 

 through April and the first ten days of May. As an early record, we 

 saw three small flocks at El Uracillo, northern Code, near the upper 

 Rio Indio on March 4, 1952. Soon after the middle of March they 

 become common, with the main flight passing in April. It is usual 

 then to see 50 to 100 in a flock. Ridgely has reported that above 

 Gamboa on April 15. 1968, for a period of 15 minutes he watched 



