FAMILY TYRANNIDAE 555 



are whitish, appear between these longer tufts. Two broods may be 

 reared in the season, which extends from April to June. 



The range in Panama seems to be restricted to the original open 

 areas of less heavy forests. The present extension to the Caribbean 

 side of the Canal Zone may have come during changes through de- 

 forestation in the expansion of human activities. Except for this 

 limited area, the nominate race is confined to the Pacific slope and its 

 ofif-lying islands. In South America where the species ranges widely 

 there are other subspecies in eastern Bolivia and Brazil. 



The record for Isla Viveros, in the Pearl Islands, is based on two 

 females collected by C. Bovallius April 5 and 11, 1882, reported by 

 Rendahl (Ark. Zool., vol. 13. 1920, pp. 36-37). 



In Panama the insular populations on Isla Coiba and in the Pearl 

 Islands do not differ appreciably from those of the mainland. 



ELAENIA FLAVOGASTER (Thunberg) : Yellow-bellied 

 Elaenia, Monona 



Pipra flavogaster Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. 8, 1822, p. 286. 

 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.) 



Somewhat larger than other species of the genus found in Panama ; 

 with a more prominent pointed crest ; color olive to greenish olive 

 above. 



Description. — Length 145-155 mm. Crown feathers elongated 

 slightly, narrowed and pointed distally. Adult (sexes alike), upper 

 surface, including scapulars, olive to greenish olive, paler and more 

 brownish on rump and upper tail coverts ; crown darker with indis- 

 tinct shaft lines of dusky, and bases of central feathers with a distinct 

 area of white, or faintly yellowish white varying somewhat in extent, 

 most prominent in adult males ; wings dusky ; greater and middle 

 coverts tipped broadly with grayish brown to white ; secondaries edged 

 distally with olive-yellow, forming an indistinct patch ; inner secon- 

 daries bordered prominently with white ; tail dark grayish brown, 

 faintly paler on edges of outer feathers, in fresh plumage, tipped 

 lightly with brownish white ; lores pale grayish to grayish white, 

 often darker centrally, with whiter lines above and below continuous 

 with a narrow white line around the eye ; side of head grayish olive, 

 lined faintly with grayish white, merging below with the grayish white 

 of the throat; foreneck, sides, and upper breast somewhat yellowish 

 gray on throat and upper foreneck. with the individual feathers often 

 paler laterally, so that they appear faintly streaked ; lower sides and 

 flanks paler; rest of under surface, including the carpal edge of the 



