48 THE CLASS OF INSECTS. 



of a whorl of long bristles. Those of Locusta virklissima (Fig. 

 56b) slightly resemble toadstools. Fig. 06 c represents the an- 

 terior pole of the egg with 

 the micropyles of Pyrrhocoris 

 apterus. — {From Gerstaecker.) 

 This contact of a male 

 sperm-cell with the 3'olk is 

 the fertilization of the egg. 

 From tliis moment begins the 

 life of the embrj'o. Fertiliza- 

 tion of tlie female germ l)y 

 i^'S- 5*j. means of the male sperm, 



through the congress of the sexes, is the rule with bisexual 

 animals, but there are exceptions among insects. An embryo 

 may start into being without the interposition of the male ; to 

 this mode of generation has been applied by Leuckart the term 

 Parthenogenesis. Among certain species of insects there are 

 some individuals which, by a sort of budding process, and with- 

 out tlie aid of the male element, throw off summer broods, con- 

 sisting of "asexual" individuals, which, as winter approaches, 

 are succeeded by a brood of true males and females, the latter 

 of which lay eggs. This phenomenon, called by Steenstrup 

 "alternation of generations," has been observed among a com- 

 paratively few species, and the apparent design of such an 

 anomalous mode of reproduction is to aftbrd an immense num- 

 ber of individuals, thus providing for the continuance of the 

 species. The individuals in whom this budding process takes 

 place are called "asexual" because, though they may resemble 

 the female sex outwardly, their sexual organs are only partially 

 developed. This budding process is the same in kind with that 

 observable in the Jell3'-fish, which throw off by parthenogen- 

 esis, or alternations of generations, summer broods of immense 

 extent, but in winter propagate by true eggs. Huxley has 

 studied the development of Aphis by parthenogenesis, the 

 anomalous nature of Avliich had previously been discovered by 

 Bonnet, Trembly, Lyonet, Degeer, Kyber, and others, and 

 arrives at the following conclusions : 



" 1 . Ova deposited by impregnated female ApJiides in autumn 

 are hatched in the spring. 



