362 BIPTERA. 



thereby, states that the fly, which produces the sound of F, vi- 

 brates its wings 352 times a second, and the bee, which makes 

 the sound of A', 440 times a second. "On the contrary a tired 

 bee hums on E', and tlierefore vibrates its wings only 330 times 

 in a second. This difference is probably involuntary, but the 

 change of ' tone ' is evidently under the command of the will, 

 and thus offers another point of similarity to a true 'voice.' 

 A bee in the pursuit of honey hums continually and content- 

 edly on A', but if it is excited or angry it produces a very dif- 

 ferent note. Thus, then, the sounds of insects do not merely 

 serve to bring the sexes together ; the}'' are not merely ' love 

 songs,' but also serve, like anj' true language, to express the 

 feelings. (Sir John Lubbock's Adch'ess before the London 

 Entomological Society, 18G8.) 



Landois describes the sound-producing organs in several 

 genera of flies. "He distinguishes three different tones as 

 emitted by these insects : during flight, a relatively low tone, 

 a higher one when the wings are held so as to prevent their 

 vibrating, and a higher still when the fly is held so that all mo- 

 tion of the external parts is prevented. The last mentioned 

 is the true voice of the insect ; it is produced by the stigmata 

 of the thorax, and may be heard when every other part of the 

 body is cut away. The first sound is caused by the rapid vi- 

 bration of the wings in the air ; the second is caused, or at all 

 events accompanied, b}^ the vibration and friction of the abdo- 

 minal segments, and by a violent movement of the head 

 against the anterior wall of the thorax." The haltercs also 

 assist in producing the sound. The vibration of the head in 

 the Diptcra during the emission of sound is regarded by this 

 author as due to the transmission of movement from the tho- 

 rax. (Zoological Record, 1867.) Landois also states that 

 there are small species which give a deeper note than larger 

 ones, on account of the wing-vibrations not being of the same 

 number in a given time. (Lubbock.) 



The legs are slender, unarmed, except with stout bristles, as 

 in Asilus ; the joints are simple, cylindrical ; the tarsi are five- 

 jointed, the terminal joint ending in two claws (ungues), be- 

 tween which is the cushion, or 2ndviHus, consisting of two or 

 thi-ee fleshy vesicles, often armed with hairs, which are tubular. 



