March, I9I2.] LeNG: CiCINDELID^ IN EASTERN NoRTH AMERICA. 5 



bution of others, brought into much greater prominence the impor- 

 tance of the mountain systems as factors controlHng distribution east 

 and west. In the introduction to the " Coleoptera of Kansas and 

 Eastern New Mexico " Leconte divided the United States roughly into 

 four or five parts: one. Pacific, lying west of the Sierra Nevada; one, 

 between it and the Rocky Mountains ; one, central, between the Rocky 

 Mountains and the Mississippi Valley, and one, eastern, itself feebly 

 divided by the Appalachian range. The map illustrating his idea was 

 printed in 1859 and allowances must be made for the imperfect data, 

 due to its early date, upon which it was based in comparing it with 

 Merriam's. To illustrate its bearing upon the known distribution of 

 Cicindelidte I would point out that the Pacific district is the exclusive 

 home of the genus Oiniis and that every single Cicindela found there 

 is either a species confined to that district or a named variety abun- 

 dantly differentiated from its nearest relative east of the Sierra 

 Nevada. The district between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky 

 Mountains is equally rich in peculiar forms. If it is true that the 

 barrier created by the Sierra Nevada and that caused by the Rocky 

 Mountains are factors in distribution, it should follow at least to some 

 extent in the case of the Appalachian range. To test this I have 

 arranged an east and west series of specimens of our gcncrosa. A 

 division caused by the Appalachian range is at once apparent. Ob- 

 serve that the middle band is always rectangularly bent in the speci- 

 mens east of the Appalachian range, almost transverse in the western 

 specimens which at the same time exhibit great variation in color. 

 The names fonnosa and manitoba have been applied to them and to 

 be consistent a name should be provided for our constant eastern 

 modification. I have noticed the barrier constituted by the Appala- 

 chian range in other families resulting in slightly differentiated forms 

 east and west and cannot but feel that Dr. Leconte's early ideas have 

 been too long neglected. As the !Merriam zones represent a factor 

 operating north and south, the Leconte districts represent another 

 operating east and west and with approximately equal force. 



Enz'iroiunctit. — Totally distinct from latitude and longitude is the 

 factor of local environment, the character of the soil, its slope, the 

 surrounding vegetation, moisture, exposure, etc. To remind you that 

 dorsalis is always found on the seashore, rugifrons and modcsta 

 usually in the pine barrens is all that is necessary to illustrate the 



