38 Journal New York Entomological Societv. [Voi. xv 



several species of nianzanita and Ceanothus ; and on the desert side by 

 the pinyon (^Pinus 7tionophylla) and sage {^Artemisia tridentata) , the 

 latter also running up into Transition in places. (Of course there are 

 many other good zone plants besides those mentioned here.) As is 

 the case with the other zones, the Upper Austral is very variable in 

 altitudinal extent, this being dependent upon slope exposure, air- 

 currents and other factors. For further information along this line 

 of investigation, we would refer the enquirer to an excellent paper by 

 H. M. Hall, entitled '' A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain " 

 (Univ. of Calif. Pub.; Botany, Vol. I; pp. 1-140, Pis. 1-14 ; June, 

 1902). 



The Lower Transition is the most extensive of the zones, covering 

 a large very irregular area which interdigitates with the Upper Austral 

 below, and merges above into the Upper Transition — wherever the 

 latter occurs. It is the chief timber belt of the mountains and is occu- 

 pied by the more or less open forests of yellow and Jeffrey pines 

 i^Pinus ponder osa and P. Jefffeyi), incense cedar (^Libocednis decur- 

 rens'), and golden and black oaks {^Quercus chrysolepis and Q. 

 alifornica ) . 



The Upper Transition zone is chiefly recognizable by the prevail- 

 ing presence of the white fir (^Abies concolor lowland), a buckthorn 

 (Ccanol/ii/s cordiilatus) and a manzanita {^Arctostaphylos paliila'). 

 From the Transition the Canadian zone is usually very abruptly marked 

 off. One passes, within a few hundred feet, from the tall firs and 

 pines of the former into the timber of lesser stature composed entirely 

 of the tamarack or Murray pine (Plnns n/i/rrayana). The under- 

 brush of the Canadian, where there is any, consists of the chinquapin 

 (^Castanopsls senipervlrens), while one notices among flowers Pentste- 

 mon cceslus) as peculiar. 



Above, the Canadian tamaracks become replaced more gradually 

 by the more or less stunted limber pines {Plni/s flexllls) characteristic 

 of the Hudsonian zone, where we also found exclusively certain 

 flowers, such as Spraguea iimbellata, Bryanthus breiverl and Ramincu- 

 us eschscholtzl. This zone is t he most restricted one, occurring only 

 along the crest of the lofty range just south of the upper Santa Ana 

 and marked at the west end by San Bernardino Peak (10,060 feet) 

 and at the east end by San Gorgonio Peak, the highest mountain of 

 southern California (11,485 feet). 



Butterflies were observed in the Hudsonian zone, but we found no 



