2 Jiiurn.il of Entomolotiy and Zoology 



known species, with a Holarctic distribution, there l)eing two 

 species from eastern North America, one from welter i 

 North America, and three from Japan. Of the eastern North 

 American species, the most common and best-known is the geno- 

 type, Cladura flaroferruginca. The six known species of the genus 

 are all forms that appear on the wing in late summer and in 

 autumn. 



The only reference to the immature stages of this curious 

 genus is the brief diagnosis by the writer (The Crane-flies of New 

 York, Part II. Biology and Phylogeny. Cornell University Agri- 

 cultural Experiment Station. Memoi'r 38. p. 9)9 ; lf)2i ). The geno- 

 type is common and widely distributed throughout the northeastern 

 United States, but until the ])resent year the writer had been 

 unable to locate the immature stages. The conditions under which 

 these stages occur are briefly outlined herein. 



Augurville, or Brownsfield. Woods, near Urbana. Illinois, is 

 an open, low Transitional or upper Austral woodland, traversed 

 in spring and early summer by a small stream. In early 

 spring the valley through which this brook flows is car- 

 peted with a dense growth of Blue-eyed Mary {Collinsia vertia). 

 On the higher ground and dry slopes, other characteristic 

 spring flowers, such as TrilUtn)i recnrratum. Claytonia 

 virginica. squirrel-corn, dutchman's breeches, blood-root, white 

 trout-lily, and other forms, occur in numbers. The forest cover 

 consists of linden, hard maple, buckeye, hackberry. bur oak, honey- 

 locust, and a few less common species, certain individuals of all of 

 these species being giants of their kind and evidently members of 

 the primitive forest. The undergrowth consists principally of 

 pawpaw and s]iice-bush, together with considerable rejiroduction 

 of buckeyes and other trees. In the autumn, the vernal flora is 

 replaced by the dominant wood-nettle, many species of Aster and 

 Snlidaf/o. some Eupatorhim and other late summer plants. Adults 

 of Cladura flnrnfcrruginea were found in these woods during the 

 fall of 1919. 



On September 5, 1920, Mrs. Alexander and the writer began 

 a systematic search for the larvae of Cladura. Earlier experience 

 in Maine, New York, and Kansas had demonstrated that it was 

 highly improbable that the early stages were to be found in mud, 

 or even in damp earth, or in decaying wood, these habitats being 

 those commonly frecjuented by the early stages of the Tipulidae. A 

 careful search was instituted in soil that was liaked comiiarativoly 

 hard and dry. The lumps were dug out and crumbled into dust, the 

 contents being carefully examined. This method of search soon 

 revealed a short, stout, light yellow crane-fly larva, that was at 

 once determined as probably l)eing that of Cladura. On this date, 

 the only other insects associated with this larva were larvae of the 

 Scarabaeid, Xnlorijctis .■<atitru.-< (Fal)r.), a Tenebrionid, Miracau- 

 tha contrarta (Beauv.). and a few adult Corabidae and Stajihy- 



