Pomona College, Claremoiit. California 3 



linidae. The conspicuous millepede Spirobolus marginatum 

 (Say), was also found in these situations. The soil was covered 

 with a layer of dead leaves and other vegetable detritus, but this 

 had not been sufficient to prevent the dessication of the soil to a 

 depth varying from six to twelve inches or more. Three larvae 

 taken on September 5 were placed in breeding vials. 



On September 19, 1920, Mrs. Alexander and the writer con- 

 tinued the search in these same haunts, and this resulted in the 

 discovery of six additional larvae and four teneral pupae. As 

 before, they occurred in soil that was very dry, underneath a layer 

 of leaf-mold and other debris. These were placed in rearing. 



On September 29, 1920 the writer again went to Augurville 

 Woods. The weather was very cold and raw. By careful search- 

 ing, eight pupae were discovered, some being very dark colored and 

 evidently nearly ready to transform to the adult condition. These 

 were placed in tin salve boxes for rearing. On the following day, 

 two females of Cladura flavoferruginea emerged from two of the 

 pupae discussed above. Other adults emerged during the following 

 week. The remaining larvae and pupae were preserved in alcohol. 



Bergroth and other writers had surmised the relationship of 

 Cladura to the nearly apterous snow-fly, Chionea Dalman, a fact 

 that is amply substantiated by the discovery of the larvae of the two 

 genera. Brauer, Egger and Frauenfeld (1854) had taken gravid 

 females of the commonest European species of Chionea, C. aran- 

 eoides. and confined them in breeding jars, where they laid a 

 large number of eggs, which hatched into stout yellow larvae that 

 agree in many features of their organization with the larvae of 

 Cladura described in this paper. Unfortunately the larvae of 

 Chionea have never been carried through to the pupal condition. 



The larvae of the two genera agree in their short, stout form, 

 the obliquely truncated spiracular disk that is quite devoid of sur- 

 rounding lobes, and in the general features of the head capsule. The 

 pupa of Cladura is notable by the entire lack of protuberant breath- 

 ing-horns, the breathing-pores being entirely sessile. The nearest 

 approach to this condition in the Tipulidae is found in the genus 

 Dieranoptycha Osten Sacken, which is likewise characteristic of 

 unusually dry conditions in open upland woods. Other notable 

 features of the pupa of Cladura are found in the very elongate leg- 

 sheaths and the unusual development of long setae on the dorsal 

 and pleural regions of the abdomen. The pupa is very small com- 

 pared with the adult which emerges from it. 



Natural Affinities 



The genus Cladura unquestionably belongs to the tribe Eriop- 

 terini where it was placed by Osten Sacken. The discovery of the 

 immature stages confirms the belief that this genus, as well as 

 Chionea Dalman, and probably Crypteria Bergroth and Ptero- 



