ENTOMOLOGY IN OUTLINE — HEMIPTERA. -M 



Subfamily Daetylopiinae. This subfamily includes a large number 

 of genera, something like fifty-two, of which thirteen occur in Cali- 

 fornia. Among those found in this State are the following: Asterole- 

 canium, Pollinia, Kermes, Nidularia, Gossyparia, Eriococcus, 

 Dactylopius, Ceroputo, Pseudococcus, Erium, Ripersia, and Antonina. 

 The most important of these is the Pseudococcus (mealy-bugs). The 

 following may be of assistance in placing the species in their proper 

 place: Abdominal extremity not cleft, usually with a pair of more or 

 less prominent rounded tubercles, each bearing a long seta. No hinged 

 plates above anal orifice. Larva with abdominal lobes. Female not 

 secreting a waxy scale. 



Subfamily Taehapdiinae. These insects are inclosed in a resinous 

 cell, with three orifices. Adult female without legs, with the terminal 

 segments produced into a tail-like organ, with the anal orifice at the 

 extremity, which is surrounded by a broken hairy ring. A spine-like 

 organ above the base of the caudal extension. This subfamily includes 

 but two genera, comprising about twenty-three species, and is not rep- 

 resented in California. 



Subfamily Coeeinse. This is another large subfamily, embracing 

 some forty-eight genera, ten of which are represented in California, 

 viz.: Pulvinaria, Exaretopus, Ceroplastes, Vinsonia, Eucalymanatus, 

 Coccus, Eulecanium, Saissetia, Physokermes, and Aclerda. The main 

 characters of the Coccina? are as follows: Females keeping the form of 

 the body, with segments distinct until the end, and also retaining the 

 power of moving under certain circumstances while young. Either 

 naked or simply covered with waxy filamentary material. Most of the 

 females, after impregnation, take on a different form and become fixed 

 to the host plant, and, once fixed, remain so for the rest of their lives. 

 Under this subfamily are grouped some of the more destructive forms 

 with which the fruit-growers of California have to contend. The 

 principal ones being Saissetia oleir (black scale), Pulvinaria innumer- 

 ahilis (cottony maple scale), and Coccus hespexiduvi (soft orange scale), 

 although this species is now not considered a pest. 



Subfamily Diaspinae. These insects have a separate covering-scale 

 composed partly of secretionary matter and partly of the exuviae, which 

 are the discarded skins shed at the periodical molts of the insect. 

 Adult female without limbs. The form of the scales comprising this 

 family are usually circular, varying to oblong. The eggs are deposited 

 beneath the parent scale. Under this subfamily occur some thirty-five 

 genera, among which are to be found many of the most destructive 

 species in our State. The principal ones are Chionaspis, Diaspis, 

 Aulacaspis, Hemichionaspis, Fiorinia, Aspidiotus, Chrysomphalus, 

 Pseudaonidia, Lepidosaphes, and Parlatoria. 



