ENTOMOLOGY IN OUTLINE— LEPIDOPTERA. 67 



insect world. In the case of some of the butterflies, it would seem at 

 first glance that an exception was had to this rule. In many of them 

 the fore legs and feet are aborted, and often not plainly visible. They 

 are always present, however, even if indistinct. In these, the tibia or 

 foot is represented by a brush, and these brush-footed butterflies are 

 divided into two families: the Nymphalidse, containing the moderate- 

 sized and large species, and the Lycaenidse, small species, generally of 

 a blue or coppery color, with the under side sometimes marked with 

 hair-like streaks. These are commonly known as the blues, coppers, or 

 hair-streaks. They are common in damp places and along watercourses. 



There is a marked difference in the methods of transformation in the 

 butterflies and moths. In the former, the pupa is known as a chrysalis; 

 it is naked — not inclosed in a cocoon — and is always above ground, 

 there being no subterranean forms. Usually the chrysalids are found 

 attached to the under side of a limb, a stone, or some other convenient 

 place, and usually pendent. They are, as a rule, obscure in color, 

 although some are brilliantly marked with metallic colors, and some 

 are ornamented with points like burnished gold. 



The pupa of the moth is inclosed in a cocoon. This may be a silken 

 web woven round it for its protection, the highest form of which we find 

 in the cocoon of the silkworm, or it may be a mere case of hardened 

 earth, silk-lined and buried. 



The moths vary much more in their habits than do the butterflies, 

 and are found in all places. Some are wood-borers, and pass their 

 transformations in the trunks of the trees which have given them refuge; 

 others are subterranean in their larval stage, and these construct cells 

 of earth in making the change; others are plant feeders, and these may 

 weave a cocoon in any available place. The butterfly is wholly aerial. 

 Its larva is always found on the surface. It is not a borer or a bur- 

 rower, with perhaps the exception of the genus Megathymus, one of the 

 skippers, which in its larval stage is said to burrow in the underground 

 stem of the yucca. 



In the Lepidoptera the three principal divisions of the body are well 

 defined. The head is small, rather broad in proportion to its length, 

 and moves freely on the neck. The eyes are hemispherical and very 

 prominent, of various colors in the different species, and sometimes 

 showing a few hairs. Two ocelli are found in some of the moths, 

 usually concealed beneath the hairy scales which cover the head, and 

 are probably of no service as visual organs. 



In their larval form, members of this order are popularly known as 

 caterpillars, but the smooth species are often termed worms — which, by 

 the way, like most popular names, is a misnomer — as cankerworms, 

 apple-worms, cutworms, budworms, etc. They vary very much in size, 

 form, and appearance, according to species. The body is usually 



