378 PERFECT SOCIETIES OF INSECTS. 



former, which is a powerful recommendation, is usually full of them. E;zgs 

 are commonly found in the cells twenty-four hours after swarming, or at 

 the latest two or three days. 



You may think, perhaps, that the bees which emigrate from the parent 

 hive are the youth of the colony ; but this is not the case, for bees of all 

 ages unite to form the swarms. The numbers of which they consist vary 

 much. Reaumur calls 12,000 a moderate swarm ; and he mentions one 

 which amounted to more than three times that number (40,000). A 

 swarm seldom or never takes place except when the sun shines, and the air 

 is calm. Sometimes, when everything seems to prognosticate swarming, a 

 cloud passing over the sun calms the agitation ; and afterwards, upon his 

 shining forth again, the tumult is renewed, keeps augmenting, and the 

 swarm departs.^ On this account, the confinement of the queens, before 

 related, is observed to lie more protracted in bad weather. 



The longest interval between the swarms is from seven to nine days, 

 which usually is the space that intervenes between the first and the second. 

 The next flies sooner, and the last sometimes departs the day after that 

 which preceded it. Fifteen or eighteen days, in favourable weather, are 

 usually sufficient for throwing the four swarms. The old queen, when she 

 takes flight with the first swarm, leaves plenty of brood in the cells, which 

 soon renew the population.^ 



It is not without example, though it rarely happens, that a swarm con- 

 ducted by the old queen increases so much in the space of three weeks as 

 to send forth a new colony. Being already impregnated, she is in a con- 

 dition to oviposit as soon as there are cells ready to receive her eggs ; and 

 an all-wise Providence has so ordered it that at this time she lays only 

 such as produce workers. And it is the first employment of her subjects 

 to construct cells for this purpose.^ The young queens that conduct the 

 secondary swarms usually pair the day after they are settled in their new 

 abode ; when the indifference with which their subjects have hitherto 

 treated them is exchanged for the usual respect and homage. 



We may suppose that one motive with the bees for following the old 

 queen is their respect for her ; but the reasons that induce them to follow 

 the virgin queens, to whom they not only appear to manifest no attach- 

 ment, but rather the reverse, seem less easy to be assigned. Probably the 

 high temperature of the hive during these times of tuniultuous agitation 

 may be the principal cause that operates upon them. In a populous hive 

 the thermometer commonly stands between 92° and 97° ; but during the 

 tumult that precedes swarming it rises above 10-1°, a heat intolerable to 

 these animals.* This is M. Huber's opinion. Yet still, though a high 

 temperature will well account for the departure of the swarm from the 

 hive with a virgin queen, if there were really no attachment (as he 

 appears to think), is it not extraordinary, that when this cause no longer 

 operates upon them, they should agglomerate about her, as they always 

 do, be unsettled and agitated without her, and quiet when she is with 

 them ? Is it not reasonable to suppose that the instinct which teaches 

 them what is necessary for the preservation of their society, t— at the 



1 Bees are generally thought to foresee the state of the weather: but they are 

 not always right in their prognostics; for Reaumur witnessed a swarm, which alter 

 leaving the hive at half-past one o'clock were overtaken by a very heavy sJiower at 

 three. 



2 Huber, i, 271. 3 Ibid, i, 305. * Ibid. i. 280. 



