CONTENTS. 



Page 

 Objections to the tlieory of evaporation .... 298 



Respiratory organs of pupae ...... 300 



Experiments upon the breathing of pupae . . . , 301 



Valves of the spiracles 302 



Breathing apparatus in the pupae of aquatic crane-flies and gnats 304 

 Plumed apparatus of the blood-worm 305 



CHAPTER XT 1 1. 



Transformation of pupae into perfect insects 



Theory of transpiration by means of heat . 



Objections to this theory 



Experiments by Reaumur. .... 

 Chrysalides hatched under a hen .... 

 Forcing of butterflies in winter .... 

 Retarding tlie evolution of butterflies by cold. 

 Experiments on pupae led to the varnishing of eggs 

 Illustrations of torpidity in animals and plants 

 Various periods of disclosure in the same brood. 

 Supposed final cause of this ..... 

 Fixed time of the day for some insects to be evolved 

 Remarkable evolution of the gnat .... 

 Still more remarkable instance of the blood-worm 

 Netted doors in the pujia cases of caddis-flies . 

 Bellows apparatus in the pupa of the blow-fly . 

 Contrivance in the pupae of wood feeders . . 

 Singularity in the locust-moth 

 Ingenious contrivance in a small leaf-roller 

 Mistake of Bonnet with respect to the teazle-moth 

 Pupa cases opened by extraneous assistance . 

 Observations on this by the younger Huber 

 Experiment by Dr. J. R. Johnson .... 

 De Geer's observations contrary to those of Swammerdam 

 Remarkable circumstance in the hive bee 



307 

 ib. 



310 

 311 

 312 

 ib. 

 313 

 314 

 315 

 316 

 317 

 319 

 320 

 321 

 322 

 323 

 324 

 325 

 326 

 327 

 329 

 330 

 331 



SECTION IV. PERFECT INSECTS. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Expansion of the body and wings in insects newly transformed 

 Structure of birds to contain air .... 



333 

 ib. 



Expansion in the fly of the ant-lion . . ' . . 'Si4 

 The mandibles prove it carnivorous .... 335 



Transformations of dragon -flies 336 



Folded wings of some two-wiuged flies .... 338 [ 



Mali>ighi's account of the transformations of the silk- worm . 339 

 Impulsion of fluids into the wings ..... 341 



Kirby's account of the expansion of the swallow-tailed butterfly342 

 Swammerdam's account of the wings of the bee . . 343 



Air-tubes in insects' wings. .... . . 344 



Nervures in the wings of plumed moths .... 345 



Perfect insects do not increase in size, .... 347 



Imperfect insects from fallen chrysalides . . . 349 



Discharges from newly-evolved insects .... 350 



Supposed showers of blood accounted for ... 351 



