ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 175 



kind. The fourth stage is a prophecy, and though I believe that 

 his prophetic vision is clear and that he sees a true picture of the 

 future, it need not be considered here. His politarchic stage em- 

 braces all the course of human culture with which science may at 

 present deal on a basis of observed fact, and it is this stage which 

 is here divided into three parts — Savagery, Barbarism, and Civili- 

 zation. 



E. B. Tylor, also, has classified the stages of culture as Savage, 

 Barbaric, and Civilized. The lowest or savage stage he defines "as 

 that in which man subsists on wild pUnts and animals, neither till- 

 ing the soil nor domesticating creatures for his food." He considers 

 that men arrive at the barbaric stage when "they take to agricult- 

 ure," and pass from the barbaric to the civilized stage by acquiring 

 the art of writing. 



In relation to the epoch which separates Savagery from Barbar- 

 ism, Tylor does not greatly disagree with Morgan. Morgan uses 

 as a criterion of Barbarism as distinguished from Savagery the 

 acquisition of the art of making pottery; Tylor, the acquisition 

 of agriculture. But usually the two arts have been acquired at 

 about the same time, and it seems probable that the conditions of 

 life brought about by agriculture were necessary properly to develop 

 ceramic art. If this is true, agriculture is the more fundamental. 

 If stages of culture are to be established on conditions of art 

 development alone, the invention of agriculture should doubtless 

 be accepted as the plane of demarcation between the two lower 

 stages ; but if the culture-stages are to be based upon characteristics 

 derived from all the classes of human activities, the separation 

 between Savagery and Barbarism must be placed somewhat later on. 

 Such a plane of demarcation has been adopted by me for a number 

 of years, both in my publications and in the discussions and exposi- 

 tions informally presented to this Society from time to time ; and it 

 is my purpose to make a somewhat fuller exposition of my 

 method. 



All the grand classes of human activities are inter-related in such 

 a manner that one presupposes another, and no one can exist with- 

 out all the others. Arts are impossible without institutions, lan- 

 guages, opinions, and reasoning; and in like manner every one is 

 developed by aid of the others. If, then, all of the grand classes of 

 human activities are interdependent, any great change in one muet ' 

 effect corresponding changes in the others. The five classes of activi- 



