176 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



ties must progress together. Art-stages must have corresponding 

 institutional, linguistic, philosophic, and psychic stages. 



Stages of progress common to all the five grand classes of human 

 activities may properly be denominated Culture-Stages, and such 

 culture-stages should be defined by characterizing all these activi- 

 ties in each stage. This I shall attempt to do, but in a brief way- 



ARTS OF SAVAGERY. 



The very early history of mankind is covered by obscurity, through 

 which conjecture peers at undefined forms; but when that portion of 

 human history which rests upon a solid basis of known facts is reached, 

 a succession of arts is discovered, each of which challenges attention 

 and admiration. In the lowest stage of culture which comes within 

 human knowledge, men understand the use of fire, and we may 

 pretty fairly guess how they have learned of its utility. This early 

 man also uses tools and implements of stone, bone, horn, wood, and 

 clay, and by them adds skill to his hands. It is the genius of savage 

 intellect that makes the hand more than a paw, that makes it an 

 organ for the fashioning and the use of tools and implements. At 

 this earlier stage man also knows how to protect himself from winds 

 and storms and the cruel changes of the seasons by providing him- 

 self with clothing and shelter. He has also explored and experi- 

 mented upon the whole realm of the vegetal world, and discov- 

 ered in a more or less crude way the properties of plants, so that he 

 knows those which are useful for food, the woods that are useful for 

 fire, and the fibres that are useful for woven fabrics. In the same 

 period of culture man has learned that the animals of the land and 

 the waters are useful for food, and has discovered crude methods by 

 which to kill and ensnare them, and has invented many simple 

 instruments for hunting and fishing. Such is the state of the 

 industrial arts in that stage of culture which we call Savagery. 



INSTITUTIONS OF SAVAGERY. 



Institutions relate to the constitution of bodies politic, to forms 

 of government, and to principles of law; and in describing Savag- 

 ery we must charact-erize the constitutions of savage tribes, the 

 forms of .savage government, and the principles of savage law. 



In Savagery the tribe is always a body of kindred — actual kindred 

 in the main ; but, to a limited extent, artificial kinship obtains by 



