ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 181 



languages. Still, in this stage of culture, the animate is supposed to 

 act on the inanimate ; so that while life is not attributed to all 

 things, all a'ction is attributed to life — that is, unseen beings are 

 supposed to actuate all nature and to produce all the phenomena 

 of existence. Thus it is that the stars have spirits, the mountains 

 have spirits, and all inanimate and vegetal nature, to a greater or 

 less extent, is the abode of invisible beings. Superimposed on 

 this is found an exalted conception of the wisdom, skill, and powers 

 of the lower animals. In savagery the animals are considered to be 

 the equals of man, and in some cases even his superiors. There 

 is also a general belief that the form in which men and animals ap- 

 pear is but transitory and that these forms may be changed. They 

 believe not so much in traiismigration as in transformation. Then, 

 through the principle of Ancientism, by which the remote past is 

 exalted — in Savagery, Barbarism, and among the ignorant in Civili- 

 zation alike — the ancients of the star, mountain, and river spirits, 

 the ancients of the birds and beasts, are deified and worshiped. 

 The most important characteristic of savage philosophy, then, is the 

 exaltation of the lower animals, the worshiping of these animal gods, 

 and the belief that they are the chief actors in the creation and his- 

 tory of the universe. Savage philosophy is best characterized by 

 Zootheism. 



PSYCHIC OPERATIONS OF SAVAGERY. 



Sensation is the recognition of external action upon the apparatus 

 of the mind. When the olfactory nerves take cognizance of an 

 odor, a sensation is received ; but when the mind associates that 

 odor with previous sensations of odor, and recognizes it as of some 

 quality, or as belonging to some known object, it performs an act 

 of inductive reasoning, and pronounces judgment that the odor is 

 sweet, or that it emanates from some pleasant substance. When, 

 therefore, we say that the odor of the rose is perceived, we fairly 

 affirm that in that perception a train of reasoning has been pursued 

 and a judgment formed thereon. By long exercise of the individual 

 in the cultivation of the faculties of inductive reasoning, and by 

 the inheritance of such faculties from ancestors, trains of reasoning 

 of this character gradually come to be so spontaneous and so appar- 

 ently instantaneous that the course of inductive reasoning is not 

 recognized. The judgment is instantly formed, and the inductive 

 reasoning is unconscious induction upon the data of sensation. 

 Induction is the composition of data. 



