182 TEANS ACTIONS OF THE 



Again : a sound falls upon the ear; that is, many waves of sound 

 beat upon the nervous receptacle which groups the sensations we 

 call sound ; the mind recognizes qualities in the sounds, and at the 

 same time compares them with the memories of other sounds having 

 the same quality, and the ear thus recognizes the voice of a friend. 

 But there may be something more recognized, such as characteristics 

 that express joy or sorrow, and the mind recognizes not only the 

 voice of the friend but the state of his emotions. Now this process 

 is wholly inductive, both in the perception of a known voice and in 

 the perception of a known emotion. It is all a complex course of in • 

 ductive reasoning, but that reasoning is so instantaneous that the 

 facts which lie at the basis of induction, and the methods of induction, 

 are not discerned, and the unconscious induction is called perception. 

 When the eye is turned to look upon a horse it is affected by certain 

 conditions of light, transformed by reflection from the object upon 

 which the eye is directed. The different rays of light coming to the 

 eye are of a multiplicity of kinds, exhibiting different degrees of light 

 and shade and different degrees in the analysis of light into its con- 

 stituent colors; thus, chiaroscuro and color strike upon the eye, the 

 vast multiplicity of minute effects upon the eye are composed in 

 the mind by an inductive process, and the inductive process goes 

 beyond the composition of these facts to infer others. Perhaps 

 the left side of the horse is turned to the eye, and the mind infers 

 that there is a right side, that the hither side of the ear has a farther 

 side, that beyond there is a right ear, and a right side throughout, 

 so that the conclusion is reached that the object is characterized by 

 bilateral symmetry. Still more than that, through that profound 

 principle known as the correlation of parts, internal organs are in- 

 ferred; it is concluded that the animal has a backbone, a heart, and 

 other parts. All these facts, observed and inferred, are combined 

 into a general conclusion by the mind that the object seen is a 

 horse, and we say that a horse is perceived. Now this process of 

 perception differs in no wise from any long and patient course 

 of reasoning except in one characteristic, namely, that the process 

 of reasoning is so instantaneous that the steps and methods do not 

 arise in consciousness. The individual facts upon which the reason- 

 ing is based do not appear in severalty, but as forming integral 

 parts of the whole; and the steps by which these observed facts are 

 combined with previous knowledge, and reasoned upon from the 

 basis of the principle of the correlation of parts, are unobserved. 



