184 TEANSACTIOXS OF THE 



subtracts one at a time until 3 are taken away, and subsequently 

 counts the remainder to discover the 5. In like manner he cannot 

 multiply, that is, add like groups to each other. Nor can he divide, 

 that is, separate into like groups, but must in each case go through 

 the process, not by considering abstract numbers, but by consider- 

 ing individual things, one at a time. Thus it is that in Savagery a 

 very large field is included in conscious induction which belongs to 

 perception in a higher stage of culture. There are many other 

 mental characteristics of Savagery, but those given are sufficient for 

 present purposes. 



Savagery has been thus described with all the minuteness possible 

 on such an occasion, and perhaps with sufficient thoroughness for 

 present purposes. The savage has invented rude arts by which he 

 obtains food, clothing, and shelter. He has invented a rude system 

 of kinship society, with descent in the female line. He has 

 spoken language, gesture-speech, and picture-writing, but is without 

 hieroglyphic, syllabic, or alphabetic writing. He has a philosophy 

 which informs conspicuous and important inanimate objects with 

 spirit life, and which deifies the brute ; and a mind whose percep- 

 tions are so slightly developed that conventional characters do not 

 convey to him ideas, and his arithmetic is yet "counting." Such, 

 in general, are the characteristics of all savage peoples that have been 

 carefully studied by anthropologists. Now the question arises, how 

 was this Savagery transformed into Barbarism ; and what is that 

 Barbarism ? 



In the lower stages of culture all progress rests upon the arts of 

 life. To discover any great change in the condition of mankind 

 we must look for the art-invention which was the efficient agency 

 in producing the change. 



If the early course of human progress be surveyed for the purpose 

 of discovering the most important art-epochs, it will be safe to re- 

 gard those of the greatest importance the effects of which are most 

 clearly exhibited iij the concomitant activities — that is, institutions, 

 languages, opinions, and psychic operations. If an invention has 

 but slight influence on these correlative activities, its importance 

 may be questioned. But if an art-invention is discovered to have 

 worked radical changes in all other activital departments, such art 

 must be of the highest importance. . 



There are two arts intimately associated the invention of which 

 causes a radical change in all of the departments of humanity. 



