188 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



right, or descent in the female line, is changed into father-right, or 

 descent in the male line; and thus is established the patriarchy, a 

 form of society with which we are all familiar, as it is very clearly 

 set forth in the post-Noachian history of the Bible. 



Under this form of society kinship bonds are still preserved, but 

 they are of a different nature. First, descent is transferred to the 

 male line — that is, children belong to the clan of the father, and 

 are controlled by him instead of by the mother's brother, or the 

 mother's uncle; second, the husband is no longer the guest of the 

 wife and her clan. At first the wife is the guest of the husband and 

 his clan, but gradually this relationshij) of guest and host is changed 

 to the relationship of master and owner, and the husband becomes 

 the owner of his wife, and finally the owner of his children. They 

 are considered to be his property; they are responsible to no one 

 but himself — that is, the tribe does not hold the wife and children 

 responsible for their acts, but holds the husband responsible for 

 them. (It is impossible in an evening's address to characterize fully 

 the causes and the consequences of the change from enatic to ag- 

 natic descent, but the statement here given is perhaps sufficient for 

 present purposes.) 



Another great change is effected, the increase of wealth which 

 has been described multiplies the relations between men arising 

 from the possession of property. And these are relations about 

 which men disagree, and therefore they must be regulated by law. 

 The state, therefore, comes to be organized in part on a property 

 basis; hitherto it has been organized wholly upon a kinship basis. 

 The plan of the structure of the state is thus changed. The laws, 

 too, are enlarged to regulate the relations that arise out of owner- 

 ship. 



And yet another change is effected. Some clans prosper and 

 increase in wealth ; other clans fall into poverty. With this increase 

 of wealth and desire for wealth, labor becomes of value, because it 

 can be converted into wealth, and the poor are employed by the 

 rich, and the relations of the employer and the employed are estab- 

 lished. Out of this grows the relationship of master and slave, and 

 ranks or grades are established in society. With this grows ambi- 

 tion for wealth and power, and tribe wars on tribe to drive away its 

 herds and to take possession of its accumulated property, and cap- 

 tured peoples become slaves, and the chiefs of conquering tribes 

 extend their authority over conquered tribes, and gradually great 



