ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 189 



chiefs become great leaders in war and gather their retainers about 

 them, giving to .them jDrotection from without, and claiming in 

 compensation for the same fealty, tribute, and service under arms. 

 Such is a brief outline of the characteristics of tribal society in 

 barbarism, brought about through the cultivation of the soil and 

 the domestication of animals. 



THE CHANGE IN LANGUAGE. 



The great changes wrought in arts and institutions which have 

 been described doubtless had their influence on languages, as the 

 new ideas required new means of expression. While in the present 

 state of knowledge it is perhaps not possible to set forth clearly the 

 resultant sematic and structural effects upon any language, in lin- 

 guistic arts important effects are discovered. 



In the lower status of culture, here denominated savagery, picture- 

 writing was highly developed ; but in the transition to barbarism, 

 picture-writing was transformed into ideographic Avriting. In the 

 earlier stage a slight tendency to conventionalism is discovered ; 

 but in ideographic writing the original pictorial signs are conven- 

 tionalized. to such a degree that it becomes an important linguistic 

 art, by which ideas may be recorded and transmitted from person 

 to person and from generation to generation. It must be under- 

 stood that the evolution of picture-writing had all along been in 

 the direction of ideographic writing, but a great impulse is given 

 to this tendency by the enlargement of human activities in the arts 

 of life and the institutions of society. This is discovered in many 

 directions, the chief of which may be here enumerated. 



ist. The increase of property demands increase in the methods 

 of identifying property and of substantiating ownership. 



2d. The separation of clans and the distribution of cognate 

 peoples over large areas of territory demand means of intercom- 

 munication other than that of direct oral conversation ; and 



3d. Nomadism, which is the direct result of the domestication of 

 animals, makes men travelers, and so enlarges their horizon of 

 observation that some method for the record of events becomes 

 necessary. Under such stimulus, picture-writing speedily develops 

 into ideographic writing. 



THE CHANGE IN PHILOSOPHY. 



In savagery, mythology develops into a high form of zootheism. 



