ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 191 



nation of phenomena, and a grouping of phenomena on a new- 

 system of analogies. 



From the foregoing brief characterization it will be seen that bar- 

 baric culture implies a somewhat high state of agriculture and the 

 domestication of animals, one or both. It implies that patri- 

 archal institutions have been organized, that descent is in the 

 male line, that ranks in society have been established, and that new 

 laws regulating property have been enacted. It implies that the 

 people use hieroglyphs. It implies that domestic worship is ances- 

 tral worship, that tribal worship is based on physitheism, and 

 that the phenomena of the universe are attributed to nature gods. 

 And finally, it implies that men can perceive meanings in conven- 

 tional signs, and that arithmetic has been invented. 



The statement I have hitherto made rests on the postulate that 

 the progress of culture has been essentially along the same line in 

 all times and places. The facts accumulated by the researches of 

 modern anthropologists fairly establish this. It is true there has 

 been much variation in the order and steps of culture, but this 

 variation has been confined within certain limits. The chief 

 variation lies in the fact that all races have not made progress to 

 .the same extent. Some tribes are yet savages; other tribes are yet 

 barbarians; and some peoples have attained civilization. 



The common origin of mankind, otherwise denominated the 

 unity of the human race, is a conclusion to which the modern 

 science of anthropology gives abundant evidence. Although the 

 diversity among men is so great that no two are alike, yet this di- 

 versity is restricted to narrow limits. The units of the mass of 

 humanity are discovered to be homogeneous in essential endow- 

 ments to such an extent as almost to startle the student who 

 studies man in all lands and at all times. 



Primitive men had a common origin, but early in their history 

 they differentiated into biotic varieties, characterized by the con- 

 formation of the skull, the proportions of the skeleton, the color of 

 the skin, the structure of the hair, the attitude of the eyes, and 

 other biotic peculiarities. Had this tendency to differentiate con- 

 tinued through the entire course of human culture, species would 

 have been established, but early in the period of human history the 

 tendency to differentiation was checked and a return to homogene- 

 ity initiated. Thenceforth the progress of mankind has been by 

 methods radically differing from the methods of biotic evolution as 

 exhibited among plants and animals. 



