192 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



This return to biotic homogeneity is due to the development of 

 human activities, which make men depend one upon another in 

 such a manner that the welfare of one involves the welfare of others, 

 so that no man may claim the right to live for himself, but every man 

 lives and labors for the good of his kind. The fundamental prin- 

 ciple of animality is supreme selfishness ; the fundamental principle 

 of humanity is mutual assistance. 



As man is an animal, in systematic biology he may be grouped 

 with other animals as determined by morphologic characteristics. 

 He has a head, body, and limbs ; he has organs which perform the 

 functions of biotic life ; and when we consider man in this aspect 

 the study is a part of biology. Man is more than animal by reason 

 of his activities ; man is man by reason of his humanities ; and 

 when we study him in this aspect the subject is anthropology. 



Henceforward human evolution differs radically from biotic evo- 

 lution as exhibited among plants and animals. Animal evolution 

 has been accomplished by the survival of the fittest in the struggle 

 for existence. By this method animals were adapted to environ- 

 ment, and in the course of this adaptation they differentiated into a 

 multitude of species, genera, families, and orders. Animal evolu- 

 tion, then, has these three characteristics : first, the agency of evolu- . 

 tion was the survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence, 

 brought about by over-population ; second, the fittest that survived 

 were adapted to environment ; and third, progress resulted in im- 

 measurable variety, carried to the utmost degree. In all of these 

 characteristics human evolution differs radically from animal evolu- 

 tion. 



First, man has not progressed by the survival of the fittest in the 

 struggle for existence. Man does not, to any important extent, 

 compete with plants and the lower animals, but he utilizes them, 

 developing such as he will in directions that best subserve his inter- 

 ests, and gradually destroying others from the face of the .earth. 

 Nor does man progress by reason of competition within the species. 

 When the highwayman and the traveler meet, the robber is not 

 always killed ; and when races battle with each other, the strongest 

 and the best go-to die. In the course of human history, in a few 

 localities and at a few times population has been overcrowded, but 

 in the grand aggregate the world has never been fully peopled, and 

 man has not crowded upon man for existence. 



While man has not progressed by the struggle for existence, he 



