ANTHKOPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 



has progressed by his endeavor to secure happiness ; and in tliis en- 

 deavor he has invented arts, institutions, languages, opinions, and 

 methods of reasoning — that is, he has progressed by the development 

 of five great classes of human activities. In the establishment of 

 these activities, he transfers the struggle for existence from himself 

 to his activities, from the subject, man, to the objects which he 

 creates. Arts compete with one another, and progress in art is by 

 the survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence. In like 

 manner, institutions compete with institutions, languages with lan- 

 guages, opinions with opinions, and reasoning with reasoning; and 

 in each case we have the survival of the fittest in the struggle for 

 existence. Man by his invention has transferred the brutal strug- 

 gle for existence from himself to the works of his hand. 



Again, man has not been adapted to environment. There is no 

 aquatic variety of man, no aerial variety, no tropical variety, no 

 boreal variety, no herbivorous or carnivorous variety. On the other 

 hand, man has adapted the environment to himself — that is, he has 

 created for himself an artificial environment by means of his arts. 

 He can sail upon the sea and live on the products of the sea, and 

 he utilizes the denizens of the air and the plants and animals of the 

 land. He protects himself from great heat and great cold and in 

 a multitude of ways creates an artificial environment. And this he 

 has done to such an extent that were he suddenly to lose his control 

 over the environment gained through his arts, he would speedily 

 perish from the earth. 



Again, among the lower plants and animals the course of adap- 

 tation to environment led progressively to the differentiation of 

 species, until a multiplicity of biotic forms covered the earth. The 

 method of human evolution by endeavor to secure happiness through 

 human activities, which resulted in the creation of an artificial en- 

 vironment, checked the tendency of the animal man to differentiate 

 into distinct sprcies, and the interdependence and solidarity that 

 were established through these activities tend more and more to 

 restore the units of mankind to pristine homogeneity. This is 

 accomplished biotically by a constant interfusion of streams of 

 blood, as men are commingled and intermarried throughout the 

 world. When races of higher culture spread civilization over infe- 

 rior races, the admixture goes on at an increased rate. The blood 

 of the American Indian is to a large extent mixed with the blood 

 of the European, and especially is this true where Latin peoples 



