ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 195 



of species has been checked, and that a tendency to homogeneity 

 has been established. 



To recapitulate : Human evolution has none of the characteristics 

 of animal evolution. It is not " by the survival of the fittest " in the 

 struggle for existence, but it is by human endeavor to secure happi- 

 ness ; and in this endeavor man has transferred the struggle for 

 existence from himself to the works of his hand and mind. It is 

 not by adaptation to environment, but by the creation of an artifi- 

 cial environment. It does not secure differentiation into varieties 

 and species, but establishes a tendency toward homogeneity. 



By the division of labor men have become interdependent, so that 

 every man works for some other man. To the extent that culture 

 has progressed beyond the plane occupied by the brute, man has 

 ceased to worked directly for himself and come to work directly for 

 others and indirectly for himself. He struggles directly to benefit 

 others, that he may indirectly but ultimately benefit himself. This 

 principle of political economy is so thoroughly established that it 

 needs no explication here ; but it must be fully appreciated before 

 we can thoroughly understand the vast extent to which interdepend- 

 ence haS' been established. For the glasses which I wear, mines 

 were worked in California, and railroads constructed across the con- 

 tinent to transport the product of those mines to the manufactories 

 in the East. For the bits of steel on the bow, mines were worked 

 in Michigan, smelting works were erected in Chicago, manufac- 

 tories built in New Jersey, and railroads constructed to transport 

 the material from one point to the other. Merchant-houses and 

 banking-houses were rendered necessary. Many men were employed 

 in producing and bringing that little instrument to me. As I sit in 

 my library to read a book, I open the pages with a paper-cutter, 

 the ivory of which was obtained through the employment of a tribe 

 of African elephant-hunters. The paper on which my book is 

 printed was made of the rags saved by the beggars of Italy. A 

 watchman stands on guard in Hoosac Tunnel that I may some time 

 ride through it in safety. If all the men who have worked for me, 

 directly and indirectly, for the past ten years, and who are now 

 scattered through the four quarters of the earth, were marshaled on 

 the plain outside of the city, organized and equipped for war, I 

 could march to the proudest capital of the world and the armies of 

 Europe could not withstand me. I am the master of all the world. 

 But during all my life I have worked for other men, and thus I am 



