36 THE TONER LECTURES. 



is 74 degrees, in a Cassube 98 degrees, and in a Negro 136 degrees. 

 The difficulty in making a rhinological examination with a mirror 

 placed in the naso-pharynx where the angle is 74 degrees, or ap- 

 proximately so, would evidently be much greater than when the 

 angle is 136 degrees. Very commonly (as already remarked) a 

 high degree ef angulation is associated with a large tubercle upon 

 the body of the second cervical vertebra, which tends to diminish 

 the diameter of the pharynx at the place at which the mirror is 



used. 



THE NASAL CHAM BEES. 



The study of the nasal chambers in the living subject presents 

 facilities of determining by anterior and posterior inspection the 

 following points: 



By anterior inspection, the floor of the chamber — the degree it is 

 depressed below the plane of the lower margin of the nostril. 



The premaxilla — the degree it enters into the composition of the 

 septum, and the size of the prominence it may make at the floor 

 directly back of the plane of the lower margin of the nostril. 



The septum — how it may be deflected either to the right or to the 

 left, and whether the entire septum, or a part only, be deflected. 



The inferior turbinal — the degree it may approach the floor and 

 the septum ; the relation its superior border holds to the middle 

 turbinal. 



The middle turbinal — the contrast between the vertical edge at 

 the anterior and the part back of this border — whether the ante- 

 rior part is inflated or laminar ; Avhether the lower border is in- 

 flected or straight. The posterior part of the median surface, 

 whether it is concealed by the inequality of the septum, or whether 

 it is outlined as far as can be seen. The lateral (external) part, 

 whether it is concealed in the recess which lies back of the plane 

 of the ascending process of the superior maxilla or is distinctly 

 outlined. The uncinate process, whether it is placed parallel to 

 the lateral wall of the chamber or transverse to it. The bulbous 

 anterior border of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone, whether 

 it is or is not visible. 



