PAPER BY PROF. BEZOLD. 255- 



Moist air rises in the cj'cloue, attains the condensation stage and 

 cools from that time on less rapidly since the heat of condensation does 

 a part of the necessary work. The heat thus saved then enters into 

 the descending current and finally is carried to the point at which the 

 descending current reaches the earth's surface. 



I consider it proper to designate by a special word those transfers of 

 heat in which, besides the transport of warm or cooled bodies, changes 

 of the condition of aggregation also occur, and therefore propose the 

 name "complex convection" or ''complex transfer." iSuch complex 

 convection is met with when vapor is formed at one place and precipi- 

 tated at another, or when ice falls as snow or hail, or when it is trans- 

 ported in the form of icebergs by ocean currents. If we apply this 

 designation to the above-given considerations we obtain the lollowiug 

 proposition : 



"i>i consequence of complex convection the temperature in anticy clonal 

 regions is always Jiir/her than ivonld he the case in simple convection." 



The application of this proposition to the warm zone is of very special 

 interest (I designedly avoid saying Tropical Zone since I can not con- 

 sider the warm zone as limited by the Tropics) that is to say to the 

 calm zone and the rings of higher atmospheric pressure that border it 

 on either side, of which rings however the northern one is frequently 

 interrupted. 



The proposition just enunciated teaches that these two rings in con- 

 sequence of complex convection are much warmer than would be the 

 case if in the whole interchange one had only to do with dry air or with 

 movements on one level. The warm zone is therefore hereby broadened 

 and at the same time there is found within it a diminution of the tem- 

 perature gradients. 



In the calm zone itself much heat is used in evaporation and hence, 

 in connection with the diminution of insolation by the covering of 

 clouds, as also by reason of the water precipitated from colder regions 

 above, the rise of temperature above a given limit is prevented. The 

 heat consumed by evaporation at the earth's surface or at the ocean's 

 surface does its work at a greater altitude in the region of the clouds 

 when liberated by the condensation, and thus diminishes the cooling of 

 the ascending current only to again reappear below in both the belts 

 of descending currents. 



A further development of the climatological consequences deducible 

 from these considerations does not belong here. But this much we see 

 at once, that the conclusions drawn from the mechanical theory of heat 

 without any hypothesis whatever stand in direct contradiction to the 

 older meteorological views. Formerly it was taught that the descend- 

 ing trade wind by cooling delivers to higher latitudes the water brought 

 with it from the calm zone. Similarly it was taught that the heat lib- 

 erated during the condensation raised the temperature, and that this 



