12 COXNECTICIT GEOL. AND XAT. HIST. SURVEY [Bull. 



ions Diptera are to be found in the general treatises of Limdbeck 

 (1907-1927). Yen-all (1901-1909), Williston (1908), Curran (1934), 

 Brues and Melander (1932), and others. Textbooks of medical en- 

 tomology, such as that of Patton and Cragg (1913), (recently revised 

 by Patton and Evans. 1929), frequently contain figures of the struc- 

 tures of the Diptera which are involved in the spread of disease: and 

 the moutli parts of certain Diptera are described in many of the recent 

 textbooks of entomology, such as that of Weber (1933), Metcalf and 

 Flint (1932), Snodgrass (1935), etc., while the wings of most of the 

 dipterous families "are figured in Comstock's "Introduction to En- 

 tomology,'' but the other parts of the body are either omitted, or are 

 treated very briefly in these general works. (Many structures of Dip- 

 tera are also figured in the recent work of Snodgrass. 1935.) 



A few studies of the external morphology of individual species 

 of Diptera have been published, and among those dealing with the 

 external anatomy of individual Cyclorrhapha and Orthorrhapha Bra- 

 chycera may be mentioned the works of Lowne (1890-1895) on Calli- 

 phora (two volumes), Hewitt (1914) on Musca (one volume), Parker 

 (1914) on Ravinla, Worthley (1924) on Trkhopoda, Seamans (1920) 

 on Anthomym, Kuenckel d'Herculais (1875-1881) on Volucella (two 

 volumes), Bromley (1926) on Tahofivs, and Cragg (1912) on Ilaema- 

 topota. 



The external morphology of individual Nematocera is discussed in 

 the papers by Tokunaga (1930) on Limonia (a very thorough study), 

 Tokunaga (1932) on Pontomyia, Tokunaga (1935) on NympliO'myia, 

 Williams (1933) on ProtopJasa (including figures of the wings of all 

 of the tanyderid genera), Crampton (1926) on a fossil MacioehUe^ 

 Miall and Hammond (1900) on Chiponomus (one volume). Christo- 

 phers (1901) on a female mosquito, and Eees and Ferris (1939) on 

 both sexes of Tipula. 



Morphology of the Head and Its Appendages 



The excellent general study of the head and the mouth parts of 

 the Diptera by Peterson (1916) is by far the best work on the sub- 

 ject, although a different interpretation for some of the parts is sug- 

 gested by Crampton (1925). The discussion of the dipterous head 

 by de Meijere (1916) is quite comprehensive, and the descriptions by 

 Snodgrass (1935), Curran (1934). Hendel (1928), Frey (1913-1921), 

 Becher (1882) and Meinert (1882) are very valuable, as are also the 

 studies of Dimmock (1881). Gruenberg (1907), Hansen (1884). Kel- 

 logg (1899), Menzbier (1880), Smith (1890), and Wesche (1904- 

 1909), although the interpretations proposed by some of these inves- 

 tigators need revising. 



Of the papers dealing with one or two types of Diptera, the fine 

 series by Jobling (1926-1933) is worth}' of especial mention, and the 

 works of Cragg (1912-1913). Adler and'Theodor (1926), Christophers, 

 Shorrt and Barrand (1926). Frew (1923), Giles (1906), Graham- 

 Smith (1930), Hammond (1874), Hansen (1903), Kraepelin (1883). 

 Kulagin (1905), Leon (1924), Miall (1892), Minchin (1905), Mug- 



