lOG CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY [Bull. 



The posterior processes of the fifth steniite are highly modified 

 in the Caiobatidae. Thus in the calobatid Cardiacephdla shown in 

 Fig. 10,1, they have the form of long, slender copulatory processes, 

 and in the calobatid Calohata, shown in Fig. 10, B, the processes of 

 the fifth sternite are remarkably modified. It is also possible that 

 the anteriorly directed sternal process of the micropezid shown in 

 Fig. 14. A. mav be a modified process of rlie fifth sternite, but this 

 has not been definitely determined. 



The segmental complex bearing the label 7s -{- 85 in the flies 

 shown in Fig. 13 E, and Fig. 14, B, etc., is referred to as the first 

 genital ''segment" in the Sarcophagidae ; and the ninth segment, 9^, 

 is called the second genital segment in the Sarcophagidae, in which 

 group these "segments" are sometimes referred to as the anal seg- 

 ments, according to Parker (1914). Other dipterists apply the desig- 

 nations pregenital "segment" and genital segment to these structures. 



The ninth abdominal segment is the true genital segment of the 

 male, and in the lower insects it is referred to as the andrium. If the 

 latter term is applied to the ninth segment, the preceding segmental 

 complex may be referred to as the protandrium, although the designa- 

 tions pregenital "segment" and genital segment are useful desigTia- 

 tions for the structures in question, if it is borne in mind that the 

 so-called pregenital "segment" is in reality a segmental complex made 

 up of the united seventh and inverted eighth sternites. 



Hendel (1928) states that the ninth termite, '^t, of Fig. 13, E, etc.. 

 is called the lamina basalis in the Schizophora. The ninth tergite 

 is referred to as the epandrium in the lower insects, and this term 

 might be applied to it in the higher Diptera, if it is desirable to refer 

 to the ninth tergite by a single term in order to avoid confusion or 

 uncertainty in counting the apparent segments of the abdomen in 

 these insects. Patton (1932-1935) refers to the ninth tergite alone as 

 the "ninth tergo-sternum", but this designation is very confusing to 

 those who consider that there is a distinct sternum in "the ninth seg- 

 ment (95 of Fig. 13, E, etc.), which does not unite with the ninBi 

 tergite. 



According to Snodgrass (1935), the Y-shaped sclerite bearing the 

 label 9s in Fig. 13, E, or in Fig. 14, E, etc., represents the ninth, or 

 genital sternite in the muscoid fly PoUenia rvdis; and Parker (1914) 

 refers to this sclerite as the genital sternum (which he states is equiva- 

 lent to the "progenital sternum" of Lowne, 1895), or sternum of the 

 genital segment, which, however, is interpreted as the eighth, instead 

 of the ninth segment, of the Sarcophagidae, by Parker. Other in- 

 vestigators have given the most diverse interpretations to this sclerite 

 in the Cyclorrhapha. Thus Awati (1915) considers that the ninth 

 sternite, 9s of Fig. 10, E, or Fig. 14, E, represents the "body of the 

 theca" (i. e., the basal region of the male genital organ) which he 

 calls the vinculum, and maintains that the ninth sternite has dropped 

 out in the muscoid Diptera. Edwards (1920) is inclined to accept 

 Awati's view that the ninth sternite has dropped out in the higher 

 Diptera, but offers the suggestion that the ninth sternite of the higher 



