No. 64] DIPTERA OF CONNECTICUT : TAXONOMY 197 



side; ground-areas {interspaces) between the usual praescutal stripes 

 usually with abundant setae. Pleural sutures distinct; pleural scle- 

 rites glabrous or variously provided with setae. Halteres long to very 

 long. Legs breaking readily at junction of trochanter and femur; 

 tibiae with or without spurs at distal end ; five tarsal segments ; claws 

 smooth or variously toothed near base {Tipiila; Limonia^ Fig. 34, D, 

 E) ; legs almost invariably long and slender, shortest and stoutest in 

 nearly apterous species, as Ghionea. Wings (Fig. 23) with from one 

 to three branches of Rs\ two to four branches of M; Cu-z present (in 

 local species), lying close behind Cu^, longest in most Tipulinae where 

 it virtually attains the margin; two Anal veins (in all local species) ; 

 in most members of the family an enclosed discal {1st M2) cell; radial 

 crossvein, r, lacking, as in all Diptera, but its position taken and sim- 

 ulated by the transversely placed B2', wings almost invariably with 

 strong setae {macrotrichia) on certain of the veins; more rarely with 

 these in the cells (best developed in Ula, Ulomorpha and Ormosia). 



Abdomen always long and slender, sometimes {Longurio, Tipula 

 longiventris, female) excessively so; apex of abdomen in males en- 

 larged into a club-shaped hypopygium (Fig, 22, B, C); females us- 

 ualfy with an elongate, acutely pointed ovipositor, comprised of 

 slender, gently upcurved dorsal valves {cerci) and shorter, more near- 

 ly straight sternal valves {hypovalvae). Male hypopygium comprised 

 of basistyles (parameres, coxites, pleurites, gonostipes or side-pieces), 

 bearing at their tips the more or less complicated dististyles (styles, 

 claspers, apical appendages) ; a complex armature surrounding the 

 aedeagus, the most evident structures being the gonapophyses (para- 

 meres, genital palpi), the whole structure sometimes fused into a com- 

 plex mass, the phallosome. Dorsal surface of basistyle at proximal 

 end (as in Epiphragma^ Fig. 22, C) with a sclerotizecl rod, the inter- 

 base, lost in all more specialized types. Anal tube dorsal in position. 

 Lateral angles of ninth tergite often produced into slender lobes or 

 spines (as in Tipulinae, Dolichopena; Pediciini, Dicranota; Limoniini, 

 l>icranoptyeha) . 



Morphological References. In addition to the features above 

 listed, certain other details of body structure and wing venation are 

 shown in Figs. 22 and 23, The detailed account of dipterous mor- 

 phology given by Doctor Crampton earlier in this volume will prove 

 of the very greatest value in cletermining doubtful structures. Nu- 

 merous papers are now availal^le discussing the various morphological 

 features throughout the Order. For convenience of reference, I have 

 listed a number of the more important papers that pertain to the 

 Tipulidae. 



Head and Mouth Parts. 



Crampton, G. C. 



1917 A phylogenetic study of the larval and adult head in Neuroptera, 

 Mecoptera, Diptera and Trichoptera. 

 Ann. Ent. Soc. Amen, 10: 337-344, figs. 1-14. 

 1921 The sclerites of the head, and the mouth-parts of certain immature 

 and adult insects. 

 Ibid., 14: 65-110, pis. 2-8. 



