168 THE FRESH-WATEIi FISHES OF EUROPE. 



operculum is half the lenj^th of the head. The diameter of the eye is one- 

 quarter, and the inter-orbital space is about one-third, of the length of the 

 head. The snout is convex, with the upper jaw overlapping- the mandible. 

 The angle of the small mouth does not reach back to the anterior margin of 

 the eye. The dorsal fin commences opposite to the middle of the base of the 

 ventral fin. Its longest ray is equal to the length of the pectoral fin. The 

 anal fin is far behind the end of the dorsal, is less elevated, is truncated 

 horizontally, and its rays are as long as those of the ventral fin. The deeply- 

 forked caudal fin has its longest rays nearly equal to the length of the head. 

 The largest scales have only one half the diameter of the eye ; a fan of ten 

 to twelve fine rays is seen on the free border of each scale. There are five 

 longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. The 

 swim-bladder of the females is remarkably small and short, and the well- 

 developed ovary extends in front of it. The pharyngeal teeth are in two 

 rows with the formula 5"2 — 2"4 or .5. The colour of the back is blackish- 

 green ; the sides are yellow, and the abdomen silvery. The black longi- 

 tudinal band over the lateral lino is sometimes broken into fine points. All 

 the fins are orange-coloured at their bases, and paler at the extremities. 



Leuciscus turskyi (Heckel). 



D. ]{), A. 1 1, V. S. Scales : hit. line 70—72, transverse 15/.5— 6. 



This is a beautiful little species (Fig. 92), about six inches long, which 

 lleckel found in the back water of the river Cicola, at Dernis, in Dalmatia, and 

 which was named in honour of General von Tursky, to whom Heckel and Kner 

 were indebted in making their studies of Dalmatian Hshes. In several respects 

 this species resembles the last described, the scales and mouth being small, 

 and the body being marked at the side with a broad longitudinal baud, which 

 extends over the caudal fin ; and Professor Canestrini, who prefers to unite 

 species which are not markedly distinct, has proposed not only to regard 

 L. tiirshiji as a variety of L. nldiva, but associates with them Jj. microlepis 

 and //. ievelliis, although the number of scales is stated by him at ()2 — Ql in 

 //. nldii-u, 70 — 72 in L. hirxkji'i, 7o— 75 in L. ii/irro/c/iix, and 78—80 in 

 .//. teneUii^i. JJiit while wc fully concur with C'aneslrini in recognising the 

 near affinity between these forms, they may be acce])tod as varieties which it 

 is convenient to sei)arate. 



The body is four and a half times the length of the head, and the height 

 of the body is three-fourths of the length of the head. The diameter of the eye 

 is one-fifth of Uic leuolh of the head. The eves are distant one and a half times 



