264 THE FRESII-WATER FISHES OF EUROFE. 



on the tong-ue, vomer, and palatine bones. The operculum is striated. The 

 ventral fins are ])ehind the commencement of the dorsal. The dark s})ot on 

 the slioulder is not very distinct. The caudal fin is yellowish-g'rey, with a 

 broad l)lack border. There is a dark spot at the anterior extremity of the 

 dorsal fin. There are about forty pyloric appendag-es to the intestine, of which 

 those in front are short. The fish is known in Russia ^s poozanolc. 



This species, as Giinther remarks, is nearly related to the C. harengan. 



Clupea caspia (Eichwald). 



The larger Caspian Herring, C. caspia (Eichwald), is somewhat intermediate 

 between the Herrings and Shads. It similarly ascends the A'olga. Thirty 

 years ag'o, says Dr. Grimm, the fish were caught only for oil, but now 

 250,000,000 a year are salted in Astrakhan. Each fish weighs more than 

 a pound. They are salted in boarded pits, each pit holds one hundred 

 thousand fishes. Packed in barrels, each holding from one thousand to five 

 thousand, they sell at twelve roubles the thousand, a rouble being two shillings 

 and tenpence. 



This species has thirteen rays in the dorsal, and eighteen rays in the anal 

 fin. The body, exclusive of the caudal fin, is three times as long as high. 

 There are small teeth on the vomer and palatine bones, but no teeth on the 

 tongue. The maxillary bone extends below or behind the orbit. 



The pectoral fins are of a deep black at the base. Four or more black 

 spots extend in a line on the upper part of the side of the body. 



