434 



FRESTI-WA'I'Kl; FISHES oF ET'HOl'F. 



Corogonus nilssoni, fin tonmil;i, 318 ; dcsiriit- 

 tion of, ih. ; distribution of, il>. 



norwegica, 349. 



oxyihj-nc-hus, fin fonnida, 337 ; distribu- 

 tion of, ib. ; length of snout, ib. ; dcscrii)- 

 tion of, ib. ; size of, 338 ; nugiation and 

 spawning of, ib. 



l^oUan, fin fonnula, 350 ; home of, ib. ; 



description of, 351 ; size of, ib. 



vandesius, fin formula, 351 ; distribution 



of, ib. ; Sir Wm. Jardine on the constitution 

 of, ib. ; habits of, ib. ; spawning of, ib. ; 

 description of, 352 ; colour of, ib. 



vimba, fin formula, 350 ; description of, 



ib. ; habits of, ib. ; usefulness as a food fish 

 in Lapland, ib. 



wai-tmanni, fin formula, 341 ; description 



of, 341—343; illustration of (Fig. 165), 342 ; 

 colour of, 343 ; abundance of in certain lakes, 

 ib. ; spawning of, ib. ; food of, ih. ; capture 

 of, 343, 345; local names of, 345. 



widegreni, fin formula of, 341 : descrip- 

 tion of, ib. 



Cottidte, 19, 49—57. 



Cottus, 49— 57 ; characters of genus, 49. 



gobio, 50—55; fin formula, 50; distribu- 

 tion of, ib.\ illustration of (Fig. 18), ib.; 

 illustration of head of (Fig. 19), 50 ; absence 

 of scales upon, 51 ; colour, ib. ; internal cha- 

 racters of, ib. ; distribution of, 52 ; habits of, 

 ib. ; time of spawning of, 52; nest and eggs 

 of, ib., 53 ; mode of capture, 53 ; flesh of, ib. ; 

 habits of fry, ib. ; origin of common name 

 (Miller's Thumb), ib., 54. Varieties : — i., 

 — fetTiiffinciis, 54 ; illustration of (Fig. 22) : 

 illustration of head of (Fig. 23), 55 ; ii., 

 — microstomus, 53, 54 ; illustration of (Fig. 

 20) ; 53; illustration of head of (Fig. 21), 54. 



poecilopus, 55, 56 ; fin fornuda, 55 ; illus- 

 tration of (Fig. 24), ib. ; description of, ib., 

 56 ; distribution of, 56. 



scorpius, 56, 57 ; fin fonnula, 56 ; descrip- 

 tion of, ih., ol ; spawning of, 57 ; habitat of, 

 ih. ; distribution of, ib. 



C'yclostomala, 22, 420. 



C'yprinina, 94 ; characters of family, ih. ; sub- 

 divisions of, /■/;. ; distribution of, ih. 



Cyprinodon calaritanus, fin formula, 369 ; dis- 

 tributi(m of, ih. ; occurrence in hot springs, 

 ib. ; sexual characters of, //;. ; description of, 

 370 ; poisonous property of, ih. 



characteis of genus, 3G9 ; distribution of, 



ib. 



fasciatus, 370. 



iberiius, distinctive sexual characters of, 



ih. ; food of, 371 ; Sjxiwning of, ///. ; distribu- 

 tion of, ih. 



Cyprinidfe, 20, 94. 



Cyprinodontida?, 22, 369—372. 



Cyprinus acuminatus, 99, 101 ; illustration of 

 (Fig. 33), 100. 



— '■ — carpio, 95 — 102; fin formula, 95; il- 

 lustration of (Fig. 32), 95; description 

 of, 95—98 ; rapidity of growth of, 97 ; 

 variations in size of, //;. ; habits and food of, 

 ih. ; hybernation of, 98 ; spawning of, ih. : 

 eggs of, ;//. : longevilv of, ih.; tenacity of 

 lif.^, ih. ; llrsli .,f, ih.. W) : Tliamcs water 



sj)e(imens of, ib. ; proi'css of " felting," ib. ; 



diseases of, ih. ; varieties of, 99—102! 

 Cyprinus hungaricus, 101, 102; illustration of 



(Fig. 35), 101 ; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 36), 



ib. 



Icuciscus {Linn.), 164. 



nordmanni, 102. 



regina (Fig. 37), 102. 



Esocidai, 22, 360—365; distinctive characters 

 of family of, 360 ; distribution of, ih. 



Esox, 360—365 ; characters and distribution of 

 genus, 360. 



lucius, 360—365 ; local names of, 361 ; 



illustration of (Fig. 168), ib.\ distribution 

 of, ib.: description of, 361, 362 ; cok)ur of, 

 362 ; weight of, 363 : rapidity of growth of, 

 ib. ; food of, ih. ; tales coneeraing, ih. ; vora- 

 city of, 364 ; attacked by biids of prey, ib. ; 

 spawning of, 365 ; capture of, ih. 



Fish-Gkowth, 12, 13; metamorphosis in life 

 history of lampreys, ih. ; size depending 

 greatly upon nature of food, ib. ; stimulation 

 of gTOwth by insectivorous food, 13 ; growth 

 of perch, 27. 



Fish-Strvctvre, air-bladder in (Fig. 7), 11; 

 absence of in lamprey, ih. ; position of in 

 other fishes, ih. ; connection of with intestine 

 in early stages of fish lift;, ib. ; in the C'ypri- 

 nina, 94. 



digestive organs, 1 1 ; dissection showing 



internal anatomy of carp (Fig. 8), ib. ; liver 

 and pancreas, ib. ; . pyloric appendages, ib. ; 

 liver, 12; gall-bladder, ih. ; spleen, ili. 



fins, description of, 4, 5 : explanation of 



fin foi-mula?, 5 ; points to be noted in de- 

 scribing, ib. ; use of, ib. 



gill-arches (and operculum), 7 ; constitu- 

 tion of gill cover, 8 ; connections of, ib. ; 

 pseudobranchisQ, function of, ib. ; gill-rakers, 

 ih. ; sjjiracles, ih. ; respiratory sacs in lam- 

 prey, ib. ; inter-operculum (Fig. 4), ib. 



mouth in fishes, position of, 7 ; jaws of, 



ib. ; mode of opening, //;. ; suctorial in lam- 

 prey, ib. ; lips, ib. ; teeth (Fig. 3), ///. ; dental 

 fonnula, ib. ; remarkable development of 

 teeth in certain cases, ib. ; variability in fonn 

 and furangement of teeth in different 

 families, ih. 



reproductive organs, 1 2 ; oviparous nature 



of all European fresh-water fishes, ib. ; 

 ovaries, ih. ; milt, ih. ; oviducts, ih. ; discharge 

 of eggs, ib. ; development of brilliant colours 

 and tubercles in breeding season, ib. ; dissec- 

 tion of carp to show position of (Fig. 9), ih. 



scales, description of two types, cycloid 



and ctenoid (Figs. 1 and 2), 5, 6; simplicity 

 of in eel, 6 ; overlapinng of, ib. ; variation in 

 size of, in different parts of the body, ih. ; 

 absence of, from fins, ib. ; latenil line of 

 scale-s, ib. ; perforations in, as an outlet for 

 mucus, ib. ; presence of scutes instead of, in 

 sturgeons, ib. ; arrangem(>nt of, ih. ; number, 

 and how to exjjress in t'lirm of a formula, ih. ; 

 pcricidieal slicdding of, in some tishcs, ///. 



