4:3 () 



THE FKESll-WATEK FISHES UE EUKUPE. 



Leudscus aula, 142 — 144; fin fonnula, 142; du- 

 scriplion of, ib. 143 ; illustiHtion of {Fip:. 70), 

 142 ; phaiyngeal bones of (Fig. 71), 143 ; size 

 of, ib. ; distribution of, 143 ; Giinthcr, 

 Heckel, and others on varieties of, 143, 144 ; 

 var. rubrlla, 143; illustration of, Frontis. ; 

 var. bnaak, 144 ; illustration of, Frontis. 



an-igonis. Description of, 181, 182 ; fin 



fonnula, 181 ; spawning period of, 182 ; eggs 

 of, ib. ; distribution of, ih. 



basak, 144. 



beamensi.s, 1G3. 



borysthenicus, 141. 



cavedanus, lo8. 



■ cephalus, 155—160; fin formula, 155; 



distribution of, 155; description of, ib., 157 ; 

 Dr. Uunther on, 1 5G ; illustration of (Fig. 

 82), 157 ; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 81), ib. ; 

 habitat of, ib. ; food of, ib. ; Buckland on, 

 158 ; mode of catching its prey, ib. ; baits for 

 capture of, ib. ; Heckel on diseases of, ib. ; 

 spawn of, ib. ; variability of species, ib. ; var. 

 cavedanus (Fig. 83), 158, 159; var. albas (Fig. 

 84), 160. 



• chalybfeus, 163; illustration of, Frontis. 



dergle, 136. 



erythrophthalmus, 134 — 138; fin formula, 



134 ; distribution of, 134, 138 ; characters of, 

 134, 135 ; illustration of (Fig. 61), 134; pha- 

 ryngeal teeth of (Fig. 62), 135 ; variation in 

 colour with locality, 135 ; size of, 136 ; habits 

 and habitat of, ib. ; food of, ib. ; spawning of, 

 ■ib.; var. derffh (Fig. 63), 136, 137; var. 

 scardafa (Figs. 65, 66), 137, 138 ; xm- . plotizza 

 (Fig. 6-i),ib. ; var. macrophthahtnis (Fig. 67), //'. 



friesii, description of, 153 — 155 ; distri- 

 bution of, 153; illustration of (Fig. 79), 154 ; 

 head of (Fig. 80), ib.; colour of, ib.; develop- 

 ment of tubercles at spawning season, 155 ; 

 pharyngeal teeth of, ib. 



heckelii, description of, 183 ; fin foimula, 



ib. ; colour of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. 



hispanicus, description of, 1 79 ; fin for- 

 mula, ib. ; habitat of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. : 

 size of, ib. 



idus, 139^142: local names of, 139 ; de- 

 scription of, /i., 140 ; illustration of (Fig. 68), 

 139; pharj-ngeal teeth of (Fig. 69), ib. ; 

 colour of, 140, 141 ; size of, 140: habits of, 

 ■ib.; distribution of, 140, 141; \:\v. iiiiniatKS. 

 141 ; var. iappoi/icias, ib. 



illyricus, description of, 164. 165; fin 



formula, 164 ; illustration of (Fig. 88), ib. : 

 colour of, 165; size of, ih.; large scale of 

 (Fig. 89), ib. 



lancastriensis, 162. 



lapponicus, 141. 



lemmingii, 182, 183; fin formula, 182; 



colour of, 183 ; distribution of, ib. 



macrolepidotus, description of, 181 ; fin 



formida, //'. 



macrophthalmus, 138. 



microlepis, description of, 169, 170 ; fin 



formula, 169; illustration of (Fig. 93), 170; 



distribution of, ib. 



miniatus, 141. 



muticellus, 172- 175; fin fovmiila, 172; 



description of, ib., 17-1 : illu.^tratiuii uf (Fig. 



95), 172; pharj-ngeal teeth of (Fig. 96), ib.; 

 food of, 173; spawning of, 174 ; flesh of, ib. ; 

 var. savignyi, 174, 175. 

 Lc'uciscus pausLngeri, illustration of (Fig. 74), 

 149. 



phoxinus, 175 — 178; description of, 175, 



177; fin fonnula, 175; local names of, ib.; 

 size of, ib.; illustration of (Fig. 98)_, 176; 

 pharvTigeal teeth of (Fig. 99), ib. ; variations 

 in ccjoiu- of, ib. ; external sexual differences, 

 177; hatching of, natural and artificial, ib.-. 

 habits of, ib. ; parasites of, 178 ; as articles of 

 food, ib. ; distiibution of, 178. 



■ pigus, 150^ — 153; fin fonnxda, 150; illus- 

 tration of (Fig. 75), ih. ; pharyngeal bones of 

 (Fig. 76), ib. ;'description of, 150, 153 ; head of 

 (Fig. 77), 151 ; development of spots upon 

 males at spawning-time, 152 ; seasonal colours 

 of, 152, 153; vertebrc-e of, 153; capture of, 

 153 ; grossness of food of, ib. ; var. virr/o (Fig. 

 78), 151. 



-rosens, 153. 



pictus, description of, 165, 166; fin 



formula, 165 ; Giinthor on, ib. 



plotizza, 138. 



polylepis, description of, 185 ; fin formula, 



ib. ; distribution of, ib. ; period of spawning, 



ib. 



pyrcnaicus, description of, 184 ; fin for- 

 mula, ih. ; distribution of, ih. ; Giinther on, 

 184, 185 ; spawning of, 184. 



rodens, 163. 



rostratus, 164. 



rubella, 143. 



■ ■ rutilus, 145 — 149; fin formula, 145; 



description of, 145 — 147; illustration of 



(Fig. 73) 146 ; size of, 147 : Buckland on, ih. ; 



wide distribution of, ih. ; Yarrell on, ih. ; 



Grimm on, ib. ; commercial value of, 148 ; 



spawn of, ib. ; origin of common name of, ib. ; 



Lund on, ih. ; eggs of, ib. ; hybernation of, ib. ; 



distribution of, ib. ; Heckel and Kner on 



varieties of, 149 : var. jjau-titif/rri, ib. 



savignyi, 174. 



scardafa, 137. 



svallizc, description of, 166, 167; fin 



formula, 166; distribution of, 166, 167. 



tenellus, description of, 171 ; fin formula, 



ih. ; illustration of (Fig. 94), ib. ; colour of, ib. 



■ turskyi, description of, 168, 169; fin 



formula, 168 ; Cancstrini on limits of species, 

 ib. ; illustration of (Fig. 92), 169. 



ukliva, description of, 167, 168; fin 



formula, 167 ; distribution of, ih. ; size of, 

 ib. ; illustration of (Fig. 91), ib. ; colour of, 

 168 ;_ hybrid of, 237. 



virgo, 151. 



vulgaris, 160 — 164; fin formula of, 160; 



local names of, ib. ; description of, 160, 161 ; 

 illustration of (Fig. 85), 161 ; colour of, ib. ; 

 habitat of, 162 ; food of, ib. ; iitility as a food 

 fish, ib. ; spawning period of, ib. ; capture of, 

 ib.; var. lanra.'^tricnsi.t, 162; head of (Fig. 

 86), 163; var. bcarnrn.'fi^, ib.; var. rlnily- 

 brfUK, 163; var. ro(len.<t, ib.; var. i-Knf rat nx 

 (Fig. 87), ih.; var. Ci/jjrini/fi IcuriscHs 

 (liinnivus), 164. 



Lota, 82—84 ; characters of genus, 82. 



