59 



separated at these walls and in this way become independent 

 individuals. 



The quite young stem has rather thin walls and no constric- 

 tions, but these begin at an early stage to be developed from the 

 base, progressing upwards. When the stem has reached a height of 

 about 4 — 5 cm it will be quite annularly constricted with excep- 

 tion of the uppermost part. Then the formation of the cup- 

 shaped head will take its beginning (Fig. 41 a, b, c, d). First, 

 much of the cell-content 

 accumulates in the top 

 of the cell and the ob- 

 tuse apex elongates, be- 

 coming conical. Then the 

 cell contents here divide 

 by segregative cell-divi- 

 sion simultaneously into 

 two or most often three 

 (Fig, 40 a) separate parts, 

 the largest lowest, the 

 smallest at the top. Each 

 of these parts becoming 

 surrounded with a mem- 

 brane grow again closely 

 together, the plant in 

 this way now consisting 

 of a very large cell in the 

 stem and three (seldom 

 only two) smaller at its 

 top. These cells and the uppermost end of the stem swell somewhat 

 and after reaching a certain thickness a whorl of some small warty 

 outgrov^rths emerge at their uppermost end (Fig. 41 h). These small 

 outgrowths are the beginning of the filaments of which the head 

 is composed. In the lowest of these four (seldom three) whorls of 

 filaments we find a number of about 20, in those higher up fewer, 

 from the uppermost small cell only 3 or 4 filaments grow out. Near 

 their base a wall is formed in the filaments. These filaments grow 

 longer (Fig. 41 c) and divide very regularly many times pseudo- 

 dichotomously having a wall just over each side-branch (Fig. 

 41 e). Fig. 41 /, g show the ramification as it takes place in a 

 young filament. We find that also here as in the stem the cell- 

 division is carried out by segregative cell-division, the protoplasm 

 first divides into some smaller parts (Fig. 41 /) which grow 



Fig. 42. Chamcedoris Peniculum (Sol.) O. K. 



Habit of plant from exposed coast. 



(About 1:1). 



