NATIONALITY AND GENEEAL CHARACTERISTICS. 43 



Finns, lead sober, industrious lives; the resl arc, as a whole, a reckless and improvident set of 

 men, spending their money as fast as earned upon drink and prostitutes. The proprietor of a "dive" 

 in Astoria is said to have begun a short time since with nothing, and to be now worth $30,000, his 

 establishment being chiefly frequented by fishermen. Many have not enough left at the end of the 

 season to pay their debts and to get away. Many of them, therefore, leave their debts unpaid. 



Most of the men board in various establishments fitted up as fishermen's boarding-houses. 

 These are of many grades, the usual rate being $5 per week. 



The few fishermen who can read peruse chiefly the Police Gazette and similar publications, 

 the sale of which on the Pacific coast is far greater in proportion than on the Atlantic. 



30. THE INDIAN FISHERMEN ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 



There are at present no Indian fishermen employed on the coast of California, although certain 

 tribes living inland, for instance the McCloud Indians, depend largely upon the fisheries for support. 



Jordan has observed that in earlier times, before the settlement of California by white'men, 

 the Indians of the coast must have subsisted on fish to a very large extent. Spines of sharks and 

 rays are found among the Indian remains on the Santa Barbara Islands, and some are thought to 

 have been used for fish-hooks. Fish-bones are found in the refuse heaps of kitchen leavings on 

 Santa Cruz Islands, where the inhabitants must have lived chiefly on fishes and mollusks. The 

 Santa Barbara Islands give evidence of having been once densely populated. Scarcely anything 

 eatable now grows above tide marks. 



At the present time the Indian fishermen on the Pacific coast are all seated in Washington 

 Territory and Oregon. There are about 380 of them scattered in groups throughout those regions. 

 Two hundred Indians are employed in the Oregon salmon fishery. 



At New Tacoma, Wash., are twenty Indians engaged in fishing for dog-fish, the oil of which 

 is rendered chiefly in kettles. 



At Steilacoom are about twenty Indians (Siwashes). They do not, to any extent, sell their fish, 

 but reserve them for their own consumption. 



Near Seattle are thirty Indians who fish chiefly for salmon-trout (Salvelinus), of which they 

 bring boat-loads almost daily into the town. 



Twenty Indian fishermen have been recorded from Port Madison. 



In the northeast part of the sound, at Utsaladdy, are twenty Indians engaged in salmon and 

 dogfish fishing. 



Ten Indian fishermen live at Muckilteo. 



At Port Gamble are twenty Indians (Siwashes) engaged in fishing for dog fish, and other small 

 sharks. The oil is rendered by putting the livers into wooden troughs, into which hot stones are 

 thrown ; finally the oil is drained off. 



Near New Duugeness, on the way toward Cape Flattery, are some ten Indians engaged in 

 fishing for dog-fish.. 



At Neah Bay there is a considerable reservation of about twenty Indians, who are exclusively 

 engaged in fishing and sealing. 



31. THE M'CLOUD RIVER INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA. 



Concerning the McCloud River Indians, who are emphatically a race of fishermen, Mr. Liv- 

 ingston Stone, of the United States Fish Commission, writes as follows: 



" The Indians themselves are a good-featured, hardy, but indolent race. I found them always 



