29 



fluent. These may be mere rounded pores or slit-like openings, and 

 are associated apparently with the eighth and ninth segments. The 

 boundary lines between segments 8 and 9, and 9 and 10 are rarely 

 distinct on the meson, and where they are distinct it seems as if the 

 caudal opening were associated with the tenth segment. In the more 

 specialized pupae the caudal margins of the eighth and ninth segments 

 are more strongly curved cephalad near the meson than in the male 

 (Figs. 34 and 44, go) and the segments are dovetailed together. The 

 presence of the two openings apparently represents the more general- 

 ized condition (Figs. 7, 17, 28; go). They are confluent in Podosesia 

 syringae (Fig. 36) and Arc hips argyrospila (Fig. 44). 



Anal Opening. — This is always situated on the meson near the 

 caudal margin of the tenth segment. It sometimes shows as a cir- 

 cular opening (Fig. 7, ao) but is usually slit-like (Figs. 8, 14, 17). 

 It is usually surrounded on each side with several prominent wrinkles 

 or folds. 



Anal Rise. — The anal opening is frequently situated on the summit 

 of a mound-like elevation known as the anal rise. The setae on this 

 rise are very conspicuous in certain families of Tortricoidea (Fig. 

 38, ar). 



Abdominal Spiracles. — Spiracles are always present on abdominal 

 segments 1-8. The spiracles of the first segment are covered, so far 

 as observed, by the wings, except in the superfamily Eucleoidea and 

 the family Nepticulidae. The spiracles of the eighth segment are 

 never functional and show no distinct opening. 



Spiracidar Furroivs. — On the cephalic margin of the movable seg- 

 ments cephalad of the spiracles are found furrows which frequently 

 extend almost to the meson on both dorsal and ventral aspects. They 

 occur in several families, as the Liparidae and Geometridae, but are 

 best developed in the Sphingidae, where they are lacking in but a few 

 genera. They are usually separated by sharply carinate ridges and 

 are of various types, but their function is unknown. 



Cremaster. — The cremaster is a prolongation of the tenth segment 

 and is not found in the more generalized pupae. It was homologized 

 by C. V. Riley with the suranal plate of the larva. It is of various 

 lengths and shapes and often bears setae at the distal end. Two types 

 of cremaster are shown in Figures 41 and 65, cr. Its length is meas- 

 ured on the ventral surface from its junction with the curve of the 

 ventral surface of the body, as in Figure 44, where ab represents the 

 cremastral length. 



