126 



aa. Antennae extending beyond the caudal margin of the wings ; dorsum 

 of abdomen with a prominent hooked seta on each side of the meson 

 of segments 7-10 Dioptidae. 



Family Geometridae 



The pupae in this family (Figs. io8 and 109) never have the labial 

 palpi exposed except as small triangular or polygonal areas caudad 

 of the labrum. The maxillary palpi are never present. The epicranial 

 suture is present in. some of the genera in Groups A and C. Some of 

 the genera have the femora of the prothoracic legs exposed. In all 

 the genera examined, either the prothoracic or mesothoracic leg, or 

 sometimes both, extended cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece 

 and the antenna. The prothoracic and mesothoracic legs are longer 

 than is usual in most families, the former being usually three fourths 

 the length of the wings, while the latter always extend to the caudal 

 margin of the wings. Many of the genera show the fronto-clypeal su- 

 ture extending from the proximal ends of the antennae and directed 

 caudad towards the invaginations for the anterior arms of the ten- 

 torium. The suture is very distinct for the cephalic part and is often 

 indicated by a slight furrow for the remainder of the distance. In 

 the genus Haematopsis there is a prominent cephalic projection 

 bearing hooks which hold the suspensory threads, as this pupa is not 

 found in a cocoon. The antennae vary little throughout the family, 

 and are generally equal in width to, or wider than, the prothoracic 

 legs, usually extending to the caudal margin of the wings. The meso- 

 thoracic wings usually extend farther caudad than in the nearly related 

 families, reaching almost to the caudal margin of the fourth abdom- 

 inal segment, although not visible in ventral view. The mesothorax is 

 very short in some genera, particularly in those of Group D, where it 

 is never twice the length of the prothorax. The mesothoracic spir- 

 acles very often have a decided projection adjacent to their caudal 

 margin, which is usually flattened or tuberculate in form and often 

 covered with very fine short setae. The abdominal spiracles are some- 

 times produced, and in nearly all genera the sixth spiracle, and some- 

 times the seventh also, is considerably farther ventrad than the re- 

 mainder. The abdomen is usually coarsely punctate, sometimes rough- 

 ened with deep transverse striations. A cremaster of some kind is al- 

 ways present. One of the most interesting structures of the abdomen is 

 the dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments. This is 

 usually deep and fringed with very fine setae. This furrow fre- 

 quently projects caudad on the lateral surface of the body and this 

 portion is often separated from the dorsal furrow. This dorsal fur- 



