145 



usually very much shorter. The tibiae and tarsi of the prothoracic 

 legs, and the tarsi of the mesothoracic legs lie adjacent on the meson, 

 but never meet obliquely on the meson as they do in the ceratocampids. 

 The mesothoracic wings always have their anal angles broadly rounded 

 and the wings always reach the caudal margin of the fourth abdominal 

 segment on the ventral surface. The metathoracic wings are pro- 

 duced around the anal angles of the mesothoracic wings and usually 

 form prominent angles on the fourth abdominal segment. The meta- 

 thoracic wings always extend for at least a short distance along the 

 caudal margin of the mesothoracic wings on the ventral surface of the 

 body. The metathorax never has distinct oblong tubercles which are 

 one third or more the width of the segment, such as are found in cera- 

 tocampids. The suture between the seventh and eighth abdominal 

 segments is never deep, with distinct crenulations on its margins, and 

 is indistinct in many species. The cremaster, if present, is very short 

 and is never bifurcate at the distal end. 



The known pupae of members of this family are found in silken 

 cocoons. Some of these are very thick and tough, others thin and pa- 

 pery. Only nine genera of this family have been available for study. 

 These may be separated by the following table : 



a. Lateral margins of abdominal segments 5-7 never approximately par- 

 allel, but tapering from the cephalic margin of the fifth segment, 

 the lateral margins usually distinctly convex ; caudal end of body 

 usually with stout curved spines. 



b. Tenth abdominal segment never flattened into a transverse plate 



with the caudo-lateral angles produced into short lobes. 



e. Caudal end of body without spines; body surface with slightly 



wavy, transverse ridges with distinct furrows between ; meso- 



thorax never with a prominent tubercle at the base of each wing. 



Copaxa Walker, 

 cc. Caudal end of body with stout curved spines ; body surface never 

 with slightly wavy, transverse ridges with distinct furrows be- 

 tween; mesothorax with a prominent tubercle at the base of 

 each wing, 

 d. Lateral aspects of the cephalic margin of abdominal segments 

 never with spiracular furrows; caudal end of body with an 

 oval area set with slightly curved spines arranged in two 



groups and nearly all pointing outwards Telea Hiibner. 



dd. Lateral aspects of the cephalic margin of abdominal seg- 

 ments 5-7 with spiracular furrows separated by slightly 

 wavy carinate ridges; caudal end of body deeply rugose, 

 with a slight concavity containing a circular group of 

 strongly recurved spines Tropaea Hiibner, 



