196 



a small thorn ; palpi recurved at apices. Thorax with or without short 

 wart-like protuberances on dorsum ; respiratory organs long and slen- 

 der; halteres visible above upper margin of wing and resembling in 

 certain respects the posterior wings in some lepidopterous pupae ; legs 

 greatly exceeding length of wings. Abdomen with i, or 2, trans- 

 verse series of thorns on ventral segments beyond apices of legs, the 

 anterior series, if both are present, much weaker than the posterior ; 

 dorsal segments usually with a postmarginal series of thorns. 



HABITS OF LARVAE 



As far as known the larvae are scavengers, feeding upon decay- 

 ing vegetable matter. Many species are aquatic or subaquatic. 



HABITS OF IMAGINES 



The imagines fly most readily in the late afternoon. The species 

 I have observed in nature are flower frequenters. 



TiPULA Linne and Pachyrrhina Macquart 



As very few of the species before me have been reared, and are 

 represented onlv by larvae or pupae or, at most, by both, there is at 

 present no possibility of specifically identifying these immature stages. 

 Neither is it possible for me to cite characters for the separation of 

 the larvae of Tipula and Pachyrrhina, the reared material at hand 

 being quite insufficient to justify any attempt at a generalization. I 

 give a synopsis of the characters that appear to me to be of primary 

 importance in the separation of the forms I have studied, but, un- 

 fortunately, I can specifically identify only a very few of them, and 

 as in my opinion detailed descriptions would occupy more space than 

 their possible scientific value will warrant me in taking, only the notes 

 and synopsis are presented. I leave this subfamily in this condition, 

 however, with the hope that the work now being done bv C. P. Alex- 

 ander on the biology of the crane-flies will satisfactorily fill the very 

 large gap in our knowledge of the early stages of the group. 



A complete study of our material is not at present contemplated, 

 the forms described in this paper being included merely as indices to 

 the range of specific distinctions, and as adjuncts to the synoptic char- 

 acters cited in the key to the families. 



Keys to Species 



LARVAE 



1. Apical abdominal ventral segment with slender protrusive blood- 

 gills 2 



