2. TTTRDUS. 195 



Seirrfz. Tnrkest. Jevotn. p. 65 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 334 ; 

 Irbi/, B. Gihr. p. 73 (1875) ; Blanforcl,East. Vers. ii. p. 157 (1876); 

 Taez. Bull. Soc. Zool. JFrance, i. p. 146 (1876) j Bogd, B. Cauc. p. 78 



(1879). 

 La Diaine, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 295 (1775). 

 La Dreiiue, Dmibent. PI. Enl. no. 489 (1775). 

 Missel Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 16 (1783). 

 Sylvia viscivora {Linn.), Savi, Orn. Tvsc. i. p. 208 (1827). 

 Ixocoss^-phus viscivonis (Linn), IZuup, Katiirl. Si/st. p. 145 (1829). 

 Turdus major, Brehm, Tot/. Dcitt,'<e/il. p. 379 (1831). 

 Turdus arboreus, Brehm, on. cit. p. 380 (1831). 

 Merula vi^civoiu (Linn.), ^Selbi/, Brit. Orn. i. p. 158 (1833) ; Itiipp. 



Si/sf. Uebrrs. p. 00 (1845). 

 Tuidiis ]iod,f>-S(ini, Jlaniei/er, Rhea, ii. p. 150 (1849) ; B2). Consp.i, 



p. 269 (1850); Grai/, Iland-l. B. i. p. 253. no. 3668 (1869); Hume, 



Nests and E(jgs Ind. B. p. 230 ( 1873). 

 Turdus bouapartei, Cab. Journ. Orn. 1860, p. 183. 



In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 

 upper parts is greyish brown, tlie feathers of the rump edged with 

 ochraceous ; lores and the feathers behind the eye greyish white ; 

 ear-coverts yellowish white, tipped M'ith dark brown ; no trace of 

 eye-stripe ; wings brown with pale edges, ochraceous on the outside 

 edges or the secondaries ; median wing-coverts with conspicuous 

 greyish-white tips ; greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 

 with obscure pale tips ; tail brown, the outside feathers very con- 

 spicuously tipped with white, especially on the inner webs ; two or 

 three other tail-feathers on each side less conspicuously tipped with 

 nearly white. Underparts pale buff, darkest on the breast and 

 flanks, each feather having a black terminal fan-shaped spot, ex- 

 cept the under tail-coverts, which are margined with dark brown on 

 the basal half ; the spots are also almost obsolete on the chin and 

 tlic centre of the belly ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure 

 white ; inner margins of quills nearly white, liill dark broMn, 

 yellowish at the base of the under mandible. ^Vings with the third 

 and fourth i)rimaries nearly equal and slightly the longest, second 

 primary equal to the fifth, bastard primary l-Oo to 0'7 inch. Legs 

 and feet yellowish brown, claws darker brown. Tail witli the out- 

 side feathers 0'35 inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 6-55 

 to 5-4 inches, tail 4-75 to 3-9, culmen 14 to U-S8, tarsus 1-4 to 1-24. 

 The female is scarcely to be distinguished from the male, but is 

 slightly paler above and below. The effects of the abrasions which 

 take place during winter and spring are somewhat more conspi- 

 cuous than usual in this species. The upper parts become greyer 

 and paler ; most of the buff and ochraceous tints on the rump, 

 secondaries, and underparts fade away, and the spots on the under- 

 parts become smaller. Birds of the year are slightly more ochra- 

 ceous than adults. The youne/ in Jirst plumaye are yellower above 

 and below, and most of the feathers of the \ipper parts have palo 

 centres and black tips. 



The ilissel -Thrush breeds in Central Europe, extending on the 

 west coast as far north as the Arctic Circle. Eastwards it ranges 

 through Turkestan, the jS'orth-west Himalayas, and Lake Bacial. 



o2 



