3. MERtTLA. 247 



ing black, except a gorget of nearh' •white extending across the 

 lower throat from shoulder to shoulder ; most of the feathers show 

 traces of pale margins, which are conspicuous on the greater wing- 

 coverts and quills, the bell}', and the under tail-coverts ; axillaries 

 and under wing-coverts pale greyish brown with nearly white 

 margins ; inner margin of quills brown. Bill yellow. Wings with 

 the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 

 primary slightly longer than the fifth, bastard primary 0*75 to 0-6 

 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 5-7 to 5"1 

 inches, tail -i'O to 4'1, culmen 1-0 to 0-9, tarsus 1'4: to 1"35. 



The female differs from the male in being dull brown instead of 

 nearly black, and in having the white gorget suffused with brown ; 

 bill brown. After the autumn moult the pale edges to the feathers 

 are slightly more conspicuous. Birds of the year have very broad 

 white edges to the feathers of the underparts ; the gorget of the 

 female is scarcely distinguishable and that of the male considerably 

 suffused with brown. Young in first ijlumage have the back and 

 breast barred with black and pale brown, and have ochraceous tips 

 to the wing-coverts. 



The Ring-Ouzel breeds in the pine-districts throughout Western 

 Europe, but does not appear to range as far east as the valley of 

 the Volga. It winters in North Africa, Asia Minor, and Persia. 



a. (S ad. St. Turnham Green, Middlesex. J. Baker, Esq. [P.l. 



b. (5 ad. St. Turnham Green, Middlesex. J. Baker, Esq. [P.]. 



c. 2ad.sk. Cornwall. Col. Montagu [P.]. 



d. Ad. sk. Longshaw, Derbyshire, July F. Godnian and 0. 



18.-.4 (O. Sahin). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 



e. Juv. sk. Tunov, S. Norwav, June 27, F. Godman and 0. 



18G6 (J. Baker). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 



/, <7, /*. Juv. sk. South Norway, July 1866 F. Godman and 0. 



{J. Baker). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

 !, k. S ad. sk. Skaerstad, Norway, May 14, 1857 F. Godman and 0. 



{F. Godman). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 



/. 5 ad. sk. Bodo, Norway, June 2, 1857 F. Godman and 0. 



{F. Godman), Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 



m. (S ad. sk. Tangier. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. 

 n. c? ad. sk. Persia. 



o. Ad. sk. Europe. J. Gould, Esq. 



p. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 



q. Skeleton. Bonn. Dr. A. Giinther. 



15. Merula aurantia. 



Le Merle de la Jamaique, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 277 (1760). 

 Le Merle bruu de la Jamaique, Buff. Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 391 (1775). 

 White-chiuned Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii.pt. 1, p. 45 (1783). 

 Tm-dus aurantius, Gmel. Syst. Kat. i" p. 8:32 (1788); Gray, Gen. B. 



i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. 'Consp. i. p. 275 (1850); Sclater, P. Z. fS. 



1859, p. 333 ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 6 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. 



B. i. p. 258. no. 3765 (1869). 

 Turdus leucogenus. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 341 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. 



d'JIist. Xat. XX. p. 254 (1818). 

 Merula saltator, Aid, Camp. Jam. Alma/tack, 1842, fide Gosse, B. 



Jamaica, p. 140 (1847). 



