13. NUCIFRAGA. 



1. Nucifraga caryocatactes. 



Le Casse-uoix, B7-{ss. Orn. ii. p. 59 ; Month. PI. Enl. 60. 



Corvus caryocatactes, Linn. S. N. i. p. 157 ; Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 122; 



Nordm. in Deniid. Voij. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 122. 

 Nucifraga guttata, VieiU. N. Diet. v. p. 3o4. 

 Caryocatactes maculatus, Koch, Sijd. baier. Zool. p. 93. 

 Nucifraga caryocatactes, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. ^-c. B. 3L p. 18 ; 



Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 117; Naum. Voff. Deutschl. ii.pl. 58. 



tig. 2 ; Werner, Atlas, Ouinivorcs, pi. 10 ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. 



pi. 213; Macij. Brit. B. i. p. 583; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 313; Blyth, 



Cat. B. 3Ius. A. S. B. p. 90; Bp. Consp. i. p. 383; Sehjs-Lon- 



chanips. Bull. Acad. R. Bru.v. xi. p. 298, pi. iv. ; Schl. Vog. Xederl. 



pi. 142; Sundev. Sv. For/l. pi. xix. fig. 4; Fritsch, Voq. Eur. tab. 



13. iig. 10; Schl. Dier.' Nederl. iii. pi. 13. fig. 9; ul.^3Ius. P.-B. 



Goraces, p. 37 ; Deyl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 207 ; Doderl. Avif. 



Sicil. p. 65 ; Bon/c/r. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 80 ; Gould, B. Gt. 



Br. iii. pis. 65, QV) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 9 ; Von Tschusi, Verh. 



z.-b. Wien, xxi. p. 83; Voyel, Ber. St. Gall. Gesellsch. 1871, ii. 



p. 156; David, N. Arch. 3Ius. vii. Bull. p. 9; Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 



p. 382; Hurting, Hnndb. Brit. B. p. 118; Salvad. Faun. Ral. Ucc. 



p. 174; Dresser, B. Eur. part, xxviii. ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 129. 

 Caryocatactes nucifraga, Xilss. Orn. Stiec. 1817, p. 90. 

 Nucifraga macrorliyuchos, Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Viiy. p. 104, et Vog. 



Deutschl. p. 181. 

 Nucifraga brachyrliATiclios, Brehm, t. c. p. 103, et V. D. p. 182. 

 Nucifraga minor, Brehm, Lsis, 1833, p. 970. 

 Nucifraga platyrhynchus, Brehm, t. c. p. 973. 

 Nucifraga liamata, Brehm, t. c. p. 975. 

 Caryocatactes guttatus, Nilss. Skand. Faun. i. p. 149; Kjterb. Orn. 



Dan. pi. x\-i. tig. 1. 

 Caryocatactes caryocatactes, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Iv. 

 Nucifraga alpestris, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 274. 

 Nucifraga arquata, Brehm, t. c. p. 274. 



Adult. Head uniform dark brown, the bristles over the nostrils 

 and a few feathers just behind the eye streaked with white ; hind 

 neck and back brown, each feather spotted near the tip with a tri- 

 angular white mark, small and less distinct on the lower back, dis- 

 appearing on the rump, but again visible on the upper tail-coverts, 

 which are glossed with green ; wings blackish, the coverts glossed 

 with green, the least ones with a large triangular spot of white, the 

 greater series and the primary- coverts indistinctly tipped with 

 white ; a patch on the outer edge of the wing also white ; the 

 greater wing-coverts and secondaries glossed with green, the latter 

 slightly tipped with white ; tail greenish black, tipped with white, 

 the latter much increasing in extent towards the outermost feathers ; 

 lores white ; sides of face and of neck, as well as the under surface 

 of the body, streaked with white, dilating into a broad triangular 

 spot on the lower parts ; throat brown, narrowly streaked with 

 white ; thighs brown, barred with white ; under tail-coverts pure 

 white ; under wing-coverts brown, very broadly tipped with white 

 in about equal proportions ; inner lining of quills brown, with a 

 large white patch near the base of the inner web of the meclian pri- 



