40. GRACTTLUS. 147 



p. 549 ; Fritsch, Viirj. Eur. tab. 28. fig. 4 ; Linderm. Voq. Griechenl. 



p. 72 ; Blanf. Geul. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. .395 ; Salvuil. Ucc. Ital. 



p. 109; HeiKjl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. p. 495. 

 Coracia ervtlirorhamplios, I'ieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 2 ; id. 



Gal. Ois. pi. 103 ; Roia; Orn. Prov. pi. 137. 

 Pyrrhocorax graeulus, Temm. Man. i. p. 122 ; Werner, Atlas, Omni- 



Tores, pi. 12 ; Gonld, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 02 ; Schleg. 3fus. F.-B. 



Coraces, p. 55 ; Irbi/, B. Gibr. p. 128 : Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xxxvii. 

 Fregilus europseiis, Less. Tr. dOrn. p. 324. 

 Pyrrhocorax rupestris, Brehm, Vog. Deidschl. p. 175. 

 Fregilus erythropus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208. 

 Coracia gracula, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 321 ; Degl. S; Gerhe, Orn. Etir. 



i. p. 205 ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 64 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 15. 

 Fregilus liiuialayanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 125 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 



p. 318. 

 Fregilus graculus, var. orientalis, Dyhoioski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 332. 

 Fregilus graculus, var. brachypus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 383. 



Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish black, of a 

 &ilky texture ; wings black, externally dull green ; tail dull greenish 

 black ; entire under surface of body glossy purplish black, shading 

 into greenish on the under tail-coverts ; bill deep vcrmUion ; legs 

 vermilion ; iris brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 

 12, tail 6-7, tarsus 2-3. 



Adult fonale. Similar to the male. 



Youwj. Dusky black instead of glossy black ; biU and legs orauge- 

 yeUow. 



Obs. The Himalayan Chough, separated on account of its larger 

 size by Mr. Gould, is so thoroughly approached in a series, that it 

 cannot be specifically recognized, and at most can only be regarded 

 as a larger Eastern form. The following are the measurements of 

 the series in the Museum : — 



Total 



length. Culm. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

 in. in. in. in. in. 



a. Lizard Point 16-0 2 05 11-0 5-8 2-25 



b. Cornwall {Mitchell) 15-0 2-15 10-85 5-8 2-15 



c. Cornwall {Mitchell) 15-5 2-2 11-2 5-8 2-25 



f7. (^. Wales (^/t(/br</) 145 1-9 IPO 59 2-1 



e. Italy 15 1-95 10 9 60 21 



/. 2. Hautes-Pyrenees (£roo/ce) 15-0 20 11-2 59 2-05 



g.^. Smyrna (J/eWi«) 15-0 205 11-3 6-2 2-05 



X. Granada {Satmders) 15-0 1-9 10-8 5-7 205 



i. Tangier ( 0/ce«e) ..■ 150 1-95 10-8 5-85 215 



k. Tangier (0/e<>««') 10-8 2-4 12-2 6-4 2-3 



/. 2 . Lemien (Petherick) 17o 2-45 12-4 0-4 2-2 



m. AlatauAlps 14-0 1-9^ 11-2 6-4 1-75 



M. Snowy range, Himalayas 16'5 2-15 13-2 7'2 2'25 



0. cJ. Vallevof Aster, Ca-shmere .... 15-0 2-05 13-25 7-0 2-0 

 p. 2- Valley of Aster, Cashmere .... 150 2-05 12-5 6-5 2-05 

 q.(S- N.W. Himalayas (Pi'HtfiVO .... 17-0 2-2 12-7 7-2 20 



>-. Darjiliug {Hodgson) 14-0 2-2 11-0 5-8 215 



s. Knmvion ( Strac'heii) 14-5 2-3 13-0 69 2-4 



t. Abadah, Persia (^/ff«/o/-r/) .... 14-0 2-05 11-4 6-0 2-15 



V. Thibet {Gifford) 14-5 2-1 12-4 (yii 2-3 



r. Altai Mountains 14-0 1-95 12-0 6-0 1-8 



