45. ciNCLTJS. 309 



■with subterminal markings of dusky grey ; the whole head and neck 

 of a deep chocolate-bro-wn, far darker than in the old bird ; the 

 rufous on the breast not so bright and more of a brownish-rufous 

 tint, confined also to the breast, and not extending so far onto the 

 abdomen as in the English bird. Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 

 0-8, wing L5'-j, tail 2*1, tarsus l-lo. 



The Common "White-throated Dipper is widely spread over Central 

 and Western Europe. It has been said to occur in the Faeroes, and 

 is found throughout Ireland in suitable locahties, as well as Scotland 

 with the Hebrides, and breeds in the northern and central counties 

 of England, as well as in AVales and the south-western counties. 

 In other counties it is an accidental visitor. It is found in the 

 mountainous parts of France, and occurs, on migration, in the south- 

 eastern departments, where 0. aJhicoUls would seem to be the resi- 

 dent Dipper. It is only found in the mountain-streams of certain 

 parts of Belgium, and is of rare occurrence in Holland. As far as 

 can be determined it occurs throughout the whole of Germany, as 

 far eastwards as 30^ E. long. ; but is probably replaced by C. albi- 

 coUis to the south of the Danube and the Swiss Alps. Its north- 

 eastern range has not been well defined ; but from the descriptions 

 and figures it would appear to be the present species which is found 

 in the Baltic provinces. 



A word of caution is necessary as to the identification of the 

 Common Dipper and the black-bellied form ( C. cinclm), wliich has 

 been said to occur in Ireland by Mr. Dresser. An examination of 

 the specimens referred to by the latter gentleman shows that the 

 birds so named are only young birds of the year of the ordinary 

 C. aquaticus after their first moult, at which time they are hardly 

 to be distinguished from C. cincius. C. cashmeriensis also, after 

 its first moult from the spotted stage (in which all Dippers very 

 closely resemble each other), is remarkablj- like C. cincJus. 



Though I regard all the Dippers from the countries mentioned 

 above as referable to one species (C. aquaticus), the English spe- 

 cimens are much the finest in colour underneath, and form, to the 

 experienced eye, an easily recognizable race. Many of the Spanish 

 and Pyrencan birds, too, are as near C. aquaticus as they are 

 C. albicollis. 



a, b. (S 2 ^d. sk. Orkneys (Dunn). Gould Collection. 



c. Ad. St. Inverness. Mr. J. Baker. 



d. Ad. sk. Abovne, Aberdeenshire, R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.l. 



Sept. 1871. 



e. Ad. sk. Gaick Forest, Perth- Colonel Irby [P.]. 



shire, Aug. 1872. 

 /, (/. Ad. st, Reduock, Perthshire. Charles Coningham, Esq. 



h. Juv.sk. Derbyshire moors (O. <S.). F. Godman and 0. Salvin 



Esqrs. [I\]. 

 t. 2 ad. sk. Derbyshire. Gould Collection. 



k. Ad. sk. Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 



1} »»• d 2 "d- ^^- Penniyre, S. Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 



n, o. cJ $ ad. sk. Penmyre, Nov. 1859. Gould Collection. 



