45. CINCLU8. 313 



upper tail-coverts, tho lower back pervaded with a shade of choco- 

 lato-browu ; the rump and upper tail-coverts blackish brown, shaded 

 and edged with slate-colour ; scapulars dark brown like the middle 

 of the back ; wing-coverts deeper brown than the back ; the greater 

 series and the quills blackish brown, externally dull slate-colour ; 

 tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with dull slate-colour on their 

 edges ; lores, sides of face, and ear-covcrts chocolate-brown like the 

 head, forming a well-dehned line drawn from the base of the lower 

 mandible ; an indistinct spot of white over and under the eye ; cheeks, 

 throat, fore neck, and chest white ; breast well defined, chocolate- 

 brown, about the same shade as the neck ; the abdomen and flanks 

 deeper brown, as also the thighs and under tail-coverts, the latter 

 slightly washed with slaty grey ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries 

 very deep brown, darker than the abdomen ; quills dark ashy brown 

 below, with a paler margin along the edge of the inner web. 

 Total length 68 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*1. 



The Erown-backed "White-throated Dipper has an extended range. 

 It occurs in the mountainous districts of Asia Minor and the 

 Caucasus and is found in Persia ; ranging doubtless through the 

 intervening countries in suitable localities, it is found again in the 

 higher mountain-ranges of Cashmere and Ladak, and reappears 

 again in the hill-regions of Sikkim and Chinese Tartary north of 

 Darjiling, and thence extends into Szetchuen and Kansu in China. 

 It has also been met with by Mr. Seebohm's collectors near Kras- 

 no-yarsk in the Yen-e-say region, and is plentiful in the Baikal 

 district ; but all the Siberian specimens var^' somewhat from typical 

 birds, and show more or less of a strain of C. leucoyaster, especially 

 in the colouring of the underparts. The bird met with at Udskoj- 

 ostrog by Middendorff, and called by him Cinclus leucogaster, was 

 doubtless the Silierian race of the present species. 



In the mountains of the Lebanon a Dipper is foimd which has 

 been referred by writers to C. albicollis, but which, to my mind, 

 constitutes a peculiar form, nearer to C. cashmenensis, but with 

 more of a brownish-red shade on the breast, which allies it some- 

 what to the 0. aquaticus group. 



a. Ad. sk. Caucasus. R. B. Sharpe.Esq. [P.]. 



b,c. (5' 5 ad.sk. Zebil, Taurus, Asia F. Godman andO.Salvin, 



Minor, Jan. 20, Esqrs. [P.]. 

 1876 (C. G. Dan- 

 ford). 



d. Ad. sk. Persia. Charles Darwin, Esq. 



, [P.]. 



e. (S ad. sk. Elburz Mountains, Col. St. John [C.]. 



near Teluau, 0000 



feet. 



/. c? ad. ; </. $ imm. sk. Karij valley, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 



1H72. [C.]. 



/(. S ad. ; i. Juv. sk. Ladakh, Sept. 1873. Major J. Biddulph [C.l. 



k. Ad. sk. Deosai plain, 12,000 Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 



feet, July 1880. 



I. Ad. sk. Casbmere(Z'r.^.Z('(VA Gould Collection. (Type 



Adams). of C. cas/nnerieiisis.) 



