Obs. The young of P. ptilonorhynchus, if they happen to be crestless, 

 are indistinguishable in plumage from the immature of P. apivorus ; 

 and I have seen young birds from India which I could not separate 

 from European examples. A natural inference is that these may not 

 be P.ptihnorhynchus but P. aj^ivorus, the young of which may migrate 

 to India in the winter. The difficulty in distinguishing young birds 

 is most appreciable when the Eastern specimens are without a crest, 

 this latter character being most strongly developed in birds from 

 Java. Examples from the latter locality in the Leiden Museum 

 appeared to be inseparable from Indian birds, but had enormous 

 crests. My notes on the specimens in the above museum are as 

 follows : — " A young bird (No. 6 of Schlegel's catalogue) is in tawny 

 plumage, like a bird from Bengal, but entirely wants the crest, and 

 is rather paler and more fulvous ; the tail is ashy brown, with four- 

 teen or fifteen bars of darker^ brown to be distinguished. Another 

 fine bird from Java is changing from the tawny plumage to that of 

 the adult with the grey face. It has a regular line running down 

 the cheeks and encircling the throat, which has also a broad central 

 streak ; the under surface has white cross bars, commencing in the 

 usual way; a black crest 3*7 inches long; tail only just shooting; 



wing 17-8." 



3. Pernis celebensis. 



Pernis eristatus, ScM. Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pi. 26. fig. 4 (1866). 

 Pernis eristatus, var. celebensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17. 

 Pernis ptilorhyneha, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 36 (1872). 

 Pernis celebensis, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. Ill (1872). 



Adult. Above chocolate-brown, the head blackish, the feathers 

 of the hind neck margined with rufous, gi\ing a striped appearance ; 

 lores and feathers round the eye grey ; throat white, with distinct 

 black shaft-stripes ; a moustachial streak, as weU as a central streak 

 down the throat, black ; chest clear tawny rufous, with broad cen- 

 tral streaks of black ; rest of under surface white, each feather with 

 four or five broad bars of blackish brown, very distinct on the tarsal 

 plumes ; under wing- coverts white, with a few streaks of black and 

 remains of rufous bars, the feathers round the carpal joint barred 



